Mary Platt Parmele - A Short History of France
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Mary Platt Parmele >> A Short History of France
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This was considered an act of extreme oppression and tyranny on the one
side, and as a measure essential to the safety of the republic on the
other.
In support of their contention the republican party claimed that the
French clergy had always been in alliance with every reactionary
movement, and that every agitation and intrigue against the life of the
Third Republic had had clericalism as its origin and disturbing cause.
Hence, the expulsion of the religious orders was declared to be
essential to the safety of the republic.
But the Law of Associations was only preliminary to the real end in
view, which was accomplished in December, 1905, when a bill providing
for the actual separation of Church and State was passed by the French
Senate. There was a time when a measure so revolutionary would have
opened the flood-gates of passion, and let loose torrents of invective;
and the calmness with which it was debated in the French Parliament
makes it manifest that the highest intelligence of the nation had
become convinced of its necessity. The bill provides for the transfer
to the government of all church properties. This change of ownership
necessitated the taking of inventories in the churches, which many
simple and devout people, incapable of understanding its political
meaning, believed was a religious persecution, and resisted by force.
The bill recently passed is aimed not at the Church, but at
"Clericalism," a powerful element within the Church, which has been
determined to make it a political as well as a spiritual power. With
the passage of this bill there no longer exists the opportunity for
political and ecclesiastical intrigues, which have made the Church a
hatching-ground for aristocratic conspiracies. The severance now
accomplished is not complete as with us. Money will still be
appropriated from the public treasury for the maintenance of churches
in France. But the power derived from the ownership of valuable
estates is no longer in the hands of men in sympathy with the enemies
of the existing form of government.
Another matter which for a time seemed to threaten the peace of France
has been happily adjusted. At an international conference held at
Algeciras, for the purpose of considering the demoralized conditions
existing in the State of Morocco, France and Germany came so sharply in
collision that serious consequences seemed imminent, consequences which
might even involve all of Europe.
France, with her territory adjoining the disturbed state, and her long
Algerian coast-line to protect, naturally felt that she was entitled to
special recognition; while Germany, having invited the conference,
claimed a position of leadership. It was over the special privileges
desired by each that the tension between these two states became so
acute; and finally the one question before the conference was whether
France or Germany should be the custodian of Morocco, insure the safety
of its foreign population, have charge of its finances, and be
responsible for the policing of its coast. Of course the nation
assigned to this duty would hold the predominant influence in North
African affairs, and it was this large stake which gave such intensity
to the game. The final award was given to France, and Germany, deeply
aggrieved but with commendable self-control, has accepted the decision.
The elections recently held in France have afforded an opportunity to
discover the sentiment of the nation concerning the policies, radical
and almost revolutionary, which have made the concluding days of M.
Loubet's incumbency an epoch in the life of France. The result has
been an overwhelming vote of approval. In M. Fallieres, who has been
elected to the presidency, there is found a man even more
representative of a new France than was his predecessor. A man of the
people, the grandson of a blacksmith, a lawyer by profession, M.
Fallieres has been identified with every important movement since he
was first elected Deputy in 1876; has been eight times Minister; was
President of the Senate during the seven years of President Loubet's
term of office; and January 17, 1906, was elected to the highest
position in the state. The appointment of M. Sarrien, with his
well-known sympathies, to the office of Prime Minister, sets at rest
any doubt as to the policy initiated by M. Waldeck-Rousseau, and
consummated by M. Combes.
With each succeeding administration France has gained in strength and
stability, and in the self-control and calmness which make for both.
The government and the people have learned that the spasmodic way is
not a wise and effectual way.
The monarchist party has disappeared as a serious political factor.
There is peace, external and internal. And there is prosperity--that
surest guarantee of a continued peace.
One source of the phenomenal prosperity of France in this trying period
since 1871 has been her mastery in the art of beauty. Leading the
world as she does in this, her art products are sought by every land
and every people. The nations must and will have them; and so, with an
assured market, her industries prosper, and there is content in the
cottage and wealth in the country at large.
What a change from the time less than four decades ago, when, with
military pride humbled in the dust, with national pride wounded by the
loss of two provinces, and loaded down with an immense war indemnity,
the people set about the task of rehabilitation! And in what an
incredibly short time the galling debt had been paid, financial
prosperity and political strength restored.
For thirty-four years the republic has existed. Communistic fires,
always smouldering, have again and again burst forth--demagogues,
fanatics, and those creatures for whom there is no place in organized
society, whose element is chaos, standing ready to fan the flames of
revolt: with Orleanist, Bonapartist, Bourbon, ever on the alert,
watching for opportunity to slip in through the open door of revolution.
Phlegmatic Teutons and slow-moving Anglo-Saxons look in bewilderment at
a nation which has had seven political revolutions in a hundred years!
But France, complex, mobile, changeful as the sea, in riotous enjoyment
of her new-found liberties, casts off a form of government as she would
an ill-fitting garment. She knows the value of tranquillity--she had
it for one thousand years! The _people_, who have only breathed the
upper air for a century--the people, who were stifled under feudalism,
stamped upon by Valois kings, riveted down by Richelieu, then prodded,
outraged, and starved by Bourbons, have become a great nation.
Many-sided, resourceful, gifted, it matters not whether they have
called the head of their government consul, emperor, king, or
president. They are a race of freemen, who can never again be enslaved
by tyrannous system.
There may be in store for France new revolutions and fresh
overturnings. Not anchored, as is England, in an historic past which
she reveres, and with a singularly gifted and emotional people who are
the sport of the current of the hour, who can predict her future! But
whatever that future may be, no American can be indifferent to the fate
of a nation to whom we owe so much. Nor can we ever forget that in the
hour of our direst extremity, and regardless of cost to herself, she
helped us to establish our liberties, and to take our place among the
great nations of the earth.
SOVEREIGNS AND RULERS OF FRANCE.
KINGS OF THE FRANKS
MEROVINGIAN LINE
A.D.
Clovis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Thierry, Clodomir, Clothaire, Childebert 511
Clothaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Charibert, Gontran, Chilperic, Sigheben 561
Childebert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Theodebert, Thierry II., Clothaire III. 596
Dagobert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Clovis II., Sigheben II. . . . . . . . . 638
Clothaire III., Chilperic II. . . . . . 656
Thierry III., Dagobert II. . . . . . . . 673
Clovis III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
Childebert III. . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Dagobert III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Chilperic III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Thierry IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Chilperic IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
CARLOVINGIAN LINE
Pepin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Charlemagne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Louis (The Debonnaire) . . . . . . . . . 814
KINGS OF FRANCE
AFTER DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE
Charles (The Bald) . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Louis (The Stammerer) . . . . . . . . . . 877
Louis III. and Carloman . . . . . . . . . 879
Charles (The Fat) . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
Hugh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Charles (The Simple) . . . . . . . . . . 898
Raoul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Louis IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Lothaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
Louis V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
CAPETIAN LINE
Hugh Capet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996
Henry I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Philip I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060
Louis VI. (The Fat) . . . . . . . . . . . 1108
Louis VII. (The Young) . . . . . . . . . 1137
Philip II. (Philip Augustus) . . . . . . 1180
Louis VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223
Louis IX. (The Saint) . . . . . . . . . . 1226
Philip III. (The Hardy) . . . . . . . . . 1270
Philip IV. (The Handsome) . . . . . . . . 1285
Louis X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314
Philip V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316
Charles IV. (The Handsome) . . . . . . . 1322
VALOIS BRANCH OF CAPETIAN LINE
Philip VI. (de Valois) . . . . . . . . . 1328
John (The Pious) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1350
Charles V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364
Charles VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1380
Charles VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1422
Louis XI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461
Charles VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
VALOIS--ORLEANS BRANCH
Louis XII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1498
VALOIS--ANGOULEME
Francis I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515
Henry II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1547
Francis II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1559
Charles IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1560
Henry III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1574
BOURBON BRANCH
Henry IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1589
Louis XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1610
Louis XIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643
Louis XV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715
Louis XVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1774
FIRST REPUBLIC, 1792
FIRST EMPIRE
Napoleon Bonaparte . . . . . . . . . . . 1804
RESTORATION OF MONARCHY--BOURBON BRANCH
Louis XVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1814
Charles X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1824
KING OF THE FRENCH
Louis Philippe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1830
SECOND REPUBLIC, 1848
SECOND EMPIRE
Louis Napoleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1852
THIRD REPUBLIC, 1871
PRESIDENTS OF THIRD REPUBLIC
Adolphe Thiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871
Marshal MacMahon . . . . . . . . . . . . 1873
Jules Grevy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1879
Sadi-Carnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1887
Francois Felix Faure . . . . . . . . . . 1894
Emile Loubet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899
Armand Fallieres . . . . . . . . . . . . 1906
INDEX.
Abelard, 68, 69
Academy, The French, 138
African, 261
Agincourt, Battle of, 89
Albigensian War, 66
Alexander, Emperor of Russia, 213, 215
Algeria, 246
Algeciras, 260
Alsace, 144, 240
America, 158, 164-167, 175, 176, 183, 196, 197, 209, 236
Anglo-Saxons, 263
Angouleme, Duchesse d', 216
Anne of Austria, 142, 143
Assembly, National, 181-185, 187-190, 230, 240, 242, 244
Associations, Law of, 258
Attila, 22
Augsburg, League of, 154
Aumale, Duke of, 249
Aurelius, Marcus, 14, 18, 20
Austrasia, 31
Austria, 142, 162, 198, 199, 202, 203, 204, 206, 211, 230, 233,
234, 237, 238
_Babylonian Captivity_, 77
Bastille, The, 97, 141, 146, 184, 185
Bayard, Chevalier, 105
Beauharnais, Eugene, 212
Beauharnais, Hortense, 212, 226
Beauharnais, Josephine, 207, 208, 213
Bismarck, 238, 240
Black Prince, 82-84
Blanche of Castile, 69, 70, 73
Blenheim, Battle of, 156
Bluecher, 219
Bonaparte, Jerome, 212
Bonaparte, Joseph, 212
Bonaparte, Louis, 212, 229
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 171, 172, 203-215, 218-220, 224
Bonapartists, 244, 246, 263
Boulanger, General, 250
Bourbon, Antony de, 116-118
Bourbons, 116-118, 129, 244, 263, 264
Bourgeoisie, 81, 100
Bretigny, Treaty of, 83
Britain, 2
_Burgesses_, 58
Burgundy, Duke of, 85-89, 97, 105
Caesar, Julius, 10-12, 15
Calais, 79
Campo Formio, Treaty of, 205, 206
Capet, Hugh, 48
Carlovingian Kings, 31-48
Carnot, 249, 253
Chalons, Battle of, 22
Chambord, Count of, 244, 245, 248
Charlemagne, 36, 45
Charles Martel, 31, 34
Charles V, 83-85
Charles VI, 85-88
Charles VII, 90-96, 98
Charles VIII, 101-104
Charles IX, 119, 128
Charles X, 172, 221, 222, 223
Christianity, 14-23, 32-34, 49-51
Church and State, 258
Cinq Mars, 141
Clericalism, 258, 259
Clovis, 10, 24-27, 29
Cochin-China, War with, 248
Colbert, 146, 148, 152
Coligny, Admiral, 115-124
Combes, 258, 262
Committee of Public Safety, 191, 199
Commune, The, 242, 243
Conciergerie, 191, 193, 199
Concini, 135, 136
Conde, 144, 148
Consulate, 208-210
Corday, Charlotte, 191, 192
Crecy, Battle of, 79
Crimean War, 232
Crusades, 42, 59-61, 63, 68, 73, 74, 75
Dahomey, 253
Danton, 191, 200
Dauphin, 80
Desmoulins, Camille, 184
Directory, 203, 206-208
_Donation of Pepin_, 34
_Dreyfus, Affaire_, 253-258
Dreyfus, Alfred, 253, 257
Druidism, 14, 20
Dumouriez, 198, 199
Edward III of England, 79, 82
Egypt, 206, 207, 247
Elba, 215
Elizabeth, Princess, 189, 195, 197
Enghien, Duke d', 209
England, 41, 53, 61-64, 79, 82, 110, 111, 154, 164, 165, 175,
176, 202, 203, 206, 209, 213, 219, 220, 241, 247, 251
Eugenie, Empress, 235, 238, 240
Fallieres, 261
Faure, 253, 257
Feudal System, 42, 44-46, 85, 98
Flanders, 108, 149
Fontenay, Battle of, 40
Fouquet, 147
Fouquier-Tinville, 191
Francis I, 106-112
Francis II, 116
Francis Joseph, 211, 213
Franks, 23
_Freemen_, 57
French Parliament, 269
French Senate, 258
Fronde, 143
Galigai, Eleonora, 135-137
Gallicia, 7
Gambetta, 245-247
Gaul, 2-4, 11, 24
Gauls, 4
Genevieve, 23
Germany, 40, 41, 108, 111, 155, 156, 210, 211, 212, 214,
238-241, 254, 260, 261
Girondists, 187-189, 193, 197-200
Godfrey of Boulogne, 60
Goths, 8, 12, 22, 23
Greece, 3, 7
Grevy, 247-249
Guesclin, Bertrand du, 83, 84
Guise, Duke of, 115-129
Gustavus Adolphus, 138, 142
Hapsburgs, 133, 142, 146, 158, 214, 238
Henry II, 115, 116
Henry III, 128, 129
Henry (IV) of Navarre, 120, 121, 123, 128-134
Henry V of England, 89, 90
Holland, 150, 151, 153, 212
Holy Roman Empire, 39, 108, 133, 211
Huguenots, 117, 118, 120-131, 137, 141, 152, 153
Huns, 22
Indemnity, 253
Irenaeus, 14
Italy, 41, 74, 101-103, 105, 106, 204-206, 212, 230, 233-235
Jacobins, 187-189, 199
Jena, Battle of, 211
Joan of Arc, 91-95
John, King, 80-83
Kelts, 2-4, 12
Knights Templar, 77, 189
Kymrians, 7
Lafayette, Marquis de, 183, 185, 187, 188, 222
Lamartine, 225
La Rochelle, Siege of, 141
Latin Quarter, 69
Law, John, 161
Legitimists, 244, 248
Leipsic, Battle of, 215
Lombards, 34, 38
Lorraine, 240
Lothaire, 40
Loubet, Emile, 256, 257, 261
Louis the Debonnaire, 40
Louis VI, 58, 59
Louis VII, 57, 61, 62
Louis VIII, 69
Louis IX, 69-73
Louis XI, 96, 98, 101
Louis XII, 104, 105
Louis XIII, 135, 136, 139-142, 148
Louis XIV, 143, 145-159, 246
Louis XV, 159-173, 181
Louis XVI, 133, 172, 174, 175, 177-190, 197, 216
Louis XVIII, 172, 197, 208, 216-218, 220, 221
Louis Philippe, 172, 198, 199, 222-226, 247
Louisiana, 209
Louvois, 148
Lutetia, 13
Luynes, Albert de, 136
MacMahon, Marshal, 243, 247
Madagascar, 253
Magenta, Battle of, 233
Mahometanism, 32-34
_Maire du Palais_, 27, 31
Marat, 184, 191, 192
Maria Louisa, 214, 215
Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 161
Marie Antoinette, 164, 172, 174, 186, 193-195, 197
Marignano, Battle of, 106
Massillia, 5
Mazarin, Cardinal, 143, 144, 146
Medici, Catharine de', 115-128
Medici, Marie de', 134, 135, 140
Meroveus, 23, 24
Merovingian Kings, 23-34, 46, 48
Metz, Surrender of, 239
Mexico, 236, 237
Mirabeau, 182, 183
Moltke, 239, 240
Monarchists, 262
Monroe Doctrine, 236, 237
Morocco, 260
Murat, 212
Nantes, Edict of, 131, 133, 141, 146, 152, 158
Napoleon Bonaparte, 171, 172, 203-215, 218-220, 224
Napoleon (III), Louis, 226, 227, 229-239, 241
Napoleon, Prince, 246, 248, 249
Necker, 178
Neustria, 31
Ney, Marshal, 218, 220
Normandy, 47, 53, 54, 62, 64, 66
Normans, 44, 47
Northmen, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 53
Nymwegen, Peace of, 149, 151
Orleanists, 244, 248, 263
Orleans, Duke of, 86-89, 105, 141, 159, 172, 182, 183, 222, 249
Paris, Count of, 244, 245, 248, 249
Paris, Siege of, 240, 242, 243
Pepin, 31, 34, 35, 48
Peter the Hermit, 59, 60
Philip Augustus, 62-67
Philip III, 75
Philip IV, 75-78
Philip VI, 78
Philippe Egalite, 184, 198, 199, 222
Poitiers, Battle of, 82
Pope, The, 34, 35, 37-39, 49, 59, 60, 65, 75-77, 107, 113,
155, 210, 235, 257
_Pragmatic Sanction_, 107, 162
Prince Imperial, 244, 246
Protestantism, 111, 112-114, 138, 142, 153, 158, 238
Provence, 5, 65, 66, 70
Prussia, 142, 155, 203, 211, 237
Ravaillac, 134
Raymond VII of Toulouse, 65, 66, 70
Reformation, The, 111, 113
Republic, Second, 225-231
Republic, Third, 242 et seq.
Revolution, French, 166, 167, 179-201
Revolutionary Tribunal, 189, 193
Rheinbund, 211
Richelieu, Cardinal, 137-143, 167, 263
Robert the Strong, 48, 49
Robespierre, 183, 191, 200
_Rois Faineants_, 29, 30, 47
Romans, 5-7
Rome, 5-8, 10-14
Rousseau, 170, 171
Russia, 41, 203, 213, 214, 232, 253
Ryswick, Treaty of, 149
Sadi-Carnot, 249, 253
St. Bartholomew, Massacre of, 123-128
St. Helena, 220
Salic Law, 27, 78, 79, 129, 146, 161
Sarrien, 261
Sedan, Battle of, 240
Serfs, 46, 57
Simon, 195
Solferino, Battle of, 234
Spain, 41, 69, 105, 108, 122, 123, 133, 142, 146, 149, 158,
165, 202, 209, 212, 221, 238
Spanish Succession, War of the, 155
States-General, 76, 81, 82, 84, 133, 135, 179
Stuart, Marie, 115, 116, 118
Sully, Duke of, 133, 133
Swiss Guard, 188
Talleyrand, 218
Temple, The, 189, 195
Teutons, 263
Thiers, 228, 243, 243, 244
Third Republic, 258
_Tiers Etat_, 56, 76, 82, 133, 179, 181, 183
Tilsit, Peace of, 212
Toulouse, 65, 66, 70
Tours, Battle of, 34
Troyes, Treaty of, 89
"Truce of God," 51, 60
Turenne, 144, 148
Turgot, 177, 178
Utrecht, Treaty of, 149
Valois, 264
Varennes, 188
Verdun, Treaty of, 40, 41
Versailles, 147, 152, 156, 163, 165, 178, 182, 186, 187, 235,
240, 243
Villafranca, Peace of, 234
Visigoths, 26
Voltaire, 162, 169
Waldeck-Rousseau, 258, 262
Waterloo, Battle of, 219
Wellington, Duke of, 219
William, Duke of Normandy, 54
Williams, Eleazer, 196
Zola, 257
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