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Mary Platt Parmele - A Short History of Russia

M >> Mary Platt Parmele >> A Short History of Russia




This was virtually a sweeping demand for the surrender of the
autocratic principle, the very principle the Fundamental Laws had just
been revised to render more inviolable. The issue was now narrowed
down within definite limits. It was a conflict for power, for
administrative control, and it was a life-and-death struggle between
the Tsar and his people.

Printed reports of the debates were sent broadcast, and for the first
time since Russia came into being the peasantry saw things as they
really were. They had always attributed their wrongs to the nobility,
who, they believed, had cheated them out of their land and their rights
under the Emancipation Act. But now it was not the nobility, not the
hated Boyars who were cruelly refusing to give them land and liberty,
but it was the Little Father, he whom they had always trusted and
adored!

It is a critical moment when the last illusion drops from the eyes of a
confiding people. The _Duma_ at this moment was engaged in a task of
supreme difficulty and responsibility. Millions of people hung upon
its words and acts. A group of inexperienced but terribly determined
men were facing an equally determined group of well-seasoned officials,
veterans in the art of governing. Never was there greater need of
calmness and wisdom, and at this very time a wild revolutionary faction
was doing its utmost to inflame the passions of a peasantry already
maddened with a sense of wrong and betrayal, who in gusts of
destructive rage were burning, pillaging, and carrying terror into the
remotest parts of the Empire.

Even while the _Duma_ was demanding this larger measure of liberty and
of authority over the Ministry, that body had already initiated and put
in force new and more vigorous methods of suppression. Under M.
Durnovo, Minister of the Interior, a law had been promulgated known as
the Law of Reinforced Defense. Under the provisions of this law, high
officials, or subordinates designated by them, were clothed with
authority to arrest, imprison, and punish with exile or death, without
warrant, without accusation, or any judicial procedure whatever.

On July 16, 1906, M. Makaroff, Assistant Secretary of the Interior,
appeared personally before the _Duma_; and in answer to thirty-three
interpellations concerning as many specific cases of imprisonment
without resort to the courts, frankly replied: "Yes. We have held the
persons named in prison for the time mentioned without warrant or
accusation; and some of these, and many others, have been exiled to
Siberia. But it is a precaution demanded by the situation and the
circumstances; a precaution we are authorized to take by the Law of
Reinforced Defense."

In October of last year (1905) the world was made glad by a manifesto
issued by the Tsar containing these words: "In obedience to our
inflexible will, we hereby make it the duty of our Government to give
to our beloved people freedom of conscience, freedom of speech, freedom
of public assembly, freedom of association, and _real inviolability of
personal rights_." The Tsar had also, with the same solemnity,
declared: "No law shall take effect without the sanction of the _Duma_,
which is also to have _participation in the control of the officials_."
Yet, Ministers and Governors General, or subordinates appointed by
them, may at their own discretion imprison, exile, or kill in defiance
of Imperial command, and find ample protection in the Law of Reinforced
Defense!

The free handling of these governmental methods in the _Duma_, and the
immediate world-wide publicity given to these revelations, if allowed
to continue, must inevitably destroy the cause of Russian Bureaucracy.
There were but two courses open to the Tsar. He must either surrender
the autocratic principle, and in good faith carry out his pledges and
share his authority with his people, or he must disperse a
representative body which flagrantly defied his Imperial will. He
chose the latter course.

Five days after the examination of M. Makaroff, on July 21, 1906, the
first Russian Parliament was dissolved by Imperial ukase.

The reason assigned for this was that, "instead of applying themselves
to the work of productive legislation, they have strayed into a sphere
beyond their competence, and have been making comments on the
imperfections of the Fundamental Laws, which can only be modified by
our Imperial will."

The Tsar at the same time declared his immutable purpose to maintain
the institution of Parliament, and named March 5, 1907, as the date of
the convening of a new _Duma_.

A body of 186 Representatives, including the Constitutional and
Conservative members of the _Duma_, immediately reassembled at Viborg
in Finland, where, in the few hours before their forcible dispersion by
a body of military, they prepared an address to "The Citizens of All
Russia." This manifesto was a final word of warning, in which the
people were reminded that for seven months, while on the brink of ruin,
they are to stand without representation; also reminding them of all
that may be done in that time to undermine their hopes, and to obtain a
pliable and subservient Parliament, if, indeed, any Parliament at all
be convoked at the time promised by the Tsar.

In view of all this they were solemnly abjured not to give "one kopek
to the throne, or one soldier to the army," until there exists a
popular representative Parliament.

The hand of autocracy is making a final and desperate grasp upon the
prerogatives of the Crown. When the end will come, and how it will
come, cannot be foretold. But it needs no prophetic power to see what
that end will be. The days of autocracy in Russia are numbered. A
century may be all too short for the gigantic task of habilitating a
Russian people--making the heterogeneous homogeneous, and converting an
undeveloped peasantry into a capable citizenship. The problem is
unique, and one for which history affords no parallel. In no other
modern nation have the life forces been so abnormal in their
adjustment. And it is only because of the extraordinary quality of the
Russian mind, because of its instinct for political power, and its
genius for that instrument of power hitherto known as diplomacy--it is
only because of these brilliant mental endowments that this chaotic
mass of ethnic barbarism has been made to appear a fitting companion
for her sister nations in the family of the Great Powers.

It is vain to expect the young Tsar to set about the task of
demolishing the autocratic system created by his predecessors and
ancestors. That work is in charge of more august agents. It is
perishing by natural process because it is vicious, because it is out
of harmony with its environment, and because the maladjusted life
forces are moving by eternal laws from the surface to their natural
home in the centre. And we may well believe that the fates are
preparing a destiny commensurate with the endowments of a
great--perhaps the greatest--of the nations of the earth.

Let it not be supposed that it is the moujik, the Russian peasant in
sheepskin, with toil-worn hands, who has conducted that brilliant
parliamentary battle in the _Duma_. Certain educational and property
qualifications are required for eligibility to membership in that body,
which would of necessity exclude that humble class. It is not the
emancipated serf, but it is _rural Russia_ which the _Duma_
represented, and the vastness of the area covered by that term is
realized when one learns that of the 450 members constituting that body
only eighteen were from cities. It is the leaders of this vast rural
population, members of ancient princely families or owners of great
landed estates, these are the men who are coming out of long oblivion
to help rule the destinies of a new Russia. Men like Prince
Dolgorouki, some of them from families older than the Romanoffs--such
men it is who were the leaders in the _Duma_. They have been for years
studying these problems, and working among the _Zemstvos_. They are
country gentlemen of the old style,--sturdy, practical, imaginative,
idealistic, and explosive; powerful in debate, bringing just at the
right moment a new element, a new force. Happy is Russia in possessing
such a reserve of splendid energy at this time. And if the moujik is
not in the forefront of the conflict, he, too, affords a boundless
ocean of elementary force--he is the simple barbarian, who will perhaps
be needed to replenish with his fresh, uncorrupted blood the Russia of
a new generation.




LIST OF PRINCES.


GRAND PRINCES OF KIEF.

Rurik, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862-879
Oleg (Brother of Rurik, Regent), . . . . . . 879-912
Igor (Son of Rurik), . . . . . . . . . . . . 912-945
Olga (Wife of Igor, Regent), . . . . . . . . 945-964
Sviatoslaf, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964-972
Vladimir (Christianized Russia, 992), . . . . 972-1015
Yaroslaf (The Legislator), . . . . . . . . . 1015-1054


(Close of Heroic Period.)

Isiaslaf, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054-1078
Vsevolod, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078-1093
Sviatopolk, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093-1113
Vladimir Monomakh, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113-1125


(Throne Disputed by Prince of Suzdal.)

Isiaslaf, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146-1155
George Dolgoruki (Last Grand Prince of Kief) 1155-1169


(Fall of Kief, 1169.)

Andrew Bogoliubski (First Grand Prince of
Suzdal), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169-1174
George II. (Dolgoruki), . . . . . . . . . . . 1212-1238
Yaroslaf II. (Father of Alexander Nevski and
Grandfather of Daniel, First Prince of
Moscow), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1238-1246


PRINCES OF MOSCOW.

Daniel (Son of Alexander Nevski), . . . . . . 1260-1303
Iri (George) Danielovich, . . . . . . . . . . 1303-1325
Ivan I., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1328-1341
Simeon (The Proud), . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341-1353
Ivan II. (The Debonair), . . . . . . . . . . 1353-1359


PRINCES OF MOSCOW AND GRAND PRINCES OF SUZDAL.

Dmitri Donskoi, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363-1389
Vasili Dmitrievich, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1389-1425
Vasili I. (The Blind, Prince of Moscow,
Novgorod, and Suzdal), . . . . . . . . . . 1425-1462


GRAND PRINCES OF ALL THE RUSSIAS.

Ivan III. (The Great), . . . . . . . . . . . 1462-1505
Vasili II., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505-1533


TSARS OF RUSSIA.

Ivan IV. (the Terrible), . . . . . . . . . . 1533-1584
Feodor Ivanovich, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1584-1598
Boris Godunof (Usurper), . . . . . . . . . . 1598-1605
The False Dmitri, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1605-1606
Vasili Shuiski, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1606-1609
Mikhail Romanoff, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1613-1645
Alexis (Son of former and Father of
Peter the Great), . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1645-1676
Feodor Alexievich, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1676-1682
Ivan V. and Peter I. )
Sophia Regent, ) Ivan died 1696 . . . 1682-1696
Peter I. (The Great), . . . . . . . . . . . . 1696-1725
Catherine I., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725-1727
Peter II. (Son of Alexis and Grandson of
Peter the Great and Eudoxia), . . . . . . . 1727-1730
Anna Ivanovna (Daughter of Ivan V., Niece
of Peter I.), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1730-1740
Ivan VI. (Infant Nephew of former Sovereign), 1740-1741
Elizabeth Petrovna (Daughter of Peter I. and
Catherine), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1741-1761
Peter III. (Nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna;
reigned five months, assassinated), . . . . 1762
Catherine II. (Wife of Peter III.), . . . . . 1762-1796
Paul I. (Son of former), . . . . . . . . . . 1796-1801
Alexander I., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1801-1825
Nicholas I., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1825-1855
Alexander II., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1855-1881
Alexander III., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1881-1894
Nicholas II., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1894-




INDEX.


Absolutism, 244
Act of Union, 71
Adashef, 87, 88
Akhmet (Khan), 76
Alexander I, 164, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 183, 184, 186
Alexander II, 213, 217, 223, 228, 234, 236
Alexander III, 239
Alexieff, Admiral, 275, 276
Alexis, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 141, 142
Alexis Orlof, 154, 166, 168
Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, 224
Alice (Princess), 242
Alma (the), 210
Anarchism, 232
Anastasia, 86, 88, 95, 103
Andrassy, 227
Angles, 25
Anna, 28, 29
Anna Ivanovna, 142, 146, 148
Anthony, 75
Appanages, 26, 34
Apraxin, 144, 150
Arable Steppes, 4
Araktcheef, 185
Aryan, 8, 14
Asia Minor, 70
Asiatic Mongols, 46
Askold, 19
Austerlitz, 177
Austria, 170, 180
Azof, Sea of, 115

Bacon, Francis, 91
Baikal, Lake, 253
Balthazi, 133
Baltic (the), 13, 43, 59, 124
Baltic Fleet, 286
Barren Steppes, 4
Bashi-Bazuks, 225
Basil, 28
Batui, 48
Beaconsfield, 224, 227
Berlin, Treaty of, 227
Bessarabia, 227
Biron, 146, 148
Bismarck, 227
Black Lands, 4, 39
Black Sea, 6, 12, 115, 214
Bogoliubski (Andrew), 40, 62, 83
Bohemians, 13, 27
Book of Instruction, 161
Book of Pedigrees, 110
Boris Godunof, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101
Bosnia, 224, 226, 227
Bosphorus (the), 20, 71
Boxer War, 267
Boyars, 27, 38, 43, 48, 51
Bremen, 45
Britain, 25
Buddhism, 257
Bulgaria, 24, 74, 226, 227
Bulgarians, 11, 27
Burnett, Bishop, 120
Byzantine, 36, 49, 66
Byzantine Empire, 11, 13, 72
Byzantium, 19, 27, 31, 32, 33, 36, 72, 74

Calendar (new), 138
Candia, 204
Carpathians, 3
Caspian Sea, 12
Cathay, 47
Catherine I, 130, 132, 143
Catherine II, 155, 157, 159, 160, 165, 166, 169, 175
Catholics, 27
Caucasus, 3
Centaurs, 14
Charlemagne, 13
Charles Martel, 72
Charles I, 108
Charles II, 108
Charles X, 192
Charles XI, 124
Charles XII, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 133, 140
Charlotte (Princess), 213
Charlotte of Brunswick, 142
Chemulpho (Battle of), 276
Chersonesos, 7
China, 47, 253
China-Japan War, 254, 259, 263
Chopin, 164
Christian IX, 224
Church of Bethlehem, 206
Cincinnati, Order of, 163
Circassia, 176
Code Napoleon, 180
Commune (the), 15
Confucianism, 257
Constantine, Grand Duke, 164, 172, 187, 188, 189, 193
Constantinople, 18, 20, 23, 28, 30, 39, 46, 64, 70
Constitution, 292
Cossacks, 101, 105, 106
Council of the Empire, 290, 291
Court of Arbitration, 281
Cracow, 50, 102
Crimea, 7, 77, 115, 164
Crimean War, 210
Cyprus, 227

Dagmar, 224
Daimios, 257
Dalny, 275, 278, 279
Daniel, 270
Danube (the), 23
Dir, 19
Dmitri, 95, 96, 101, 102
Dmitri Donskoi, 69
Dnieper (the), 4, 12, 19, 39, 42
Dolgorukis, 83
Dolgoruki (Yuri), 40, 61, 62, 63
Dolgoruki (Prince), 177, 301
Don (the), 69, 101
Drevlins (the), 21, 26
Drujina, 37, 38, 52
Drujiniki (the), 46
Duma, 290, 291, 292, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301
Durnovo, M., 296

Eastern Empire (the), 38
Eastern Question, 198, 203
Ecclesiastical States, 30
Egypt, 170, 171
Electoral College, 291
Elizabeth Petrovna, 140, 142, 147, 148, 149, 152
Emancipation Law, 220, 295
Etrogruhl, 70
Eudoxia, 130, 141

Feodor, 95, 96, 97, 105, 110, 111
Ferdinand, 82, 201
Finland, 184, 222
Finns, 8, 11, 12, 17, 43, 44
Florence, 41
Formosa, 264
Francis II, 178
Francis Joseph, 202
Franks, 25
Frederick II, 50
Frederick the Great, 150, 153
Fundamental Laws, 293, 295, 299

Galitsuin (Prince), 113, 144
Gaul, 25
Gautama, 257
Genghis Kahn, 47, 48
Georgia, 176
German Knights, 68
German Orders, 45, 60
Glinski (Anna), 87
Glinski (Helena), 85
Glueck, 130
Godwin, 96
Golden Horde, 69, 71
Gortchakof, 213, 223, 227
Goths (the), 10
Grand Principality (the), 66
Great Desert of Gobi, 52
Great Patriarchs, 66
Great Tower of Ivan, 183
Greece, 72
Greek Church, 30, 31, 71, 72, 226
Greeks (the), 6, 24, 27
Gustavus Adolphus, 105

Hague (the), 119, 281
Hague, the Congress, 242
Hamburg, 45
Hanseatic League, 45
Harold, 96
Hastings, Lady Mary, 92
Haynau, 202
Hedwig, 60
Helen, 22
Helsingfors, 241
Henry VIII, 82
Herodotus, 7
Herzegovina, 224, 226, 227
Hindostan, 170
Hohenzollern, 45
Holy Alliance, 85
Holy Roman Empire, 13
Holy Shrines, 206
Holy Synod, 135
Horde (the), 67
Hungary, 50, 68
Huns, 47

Iagello, 59, 60
Icon, 285
Igor, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25
Imperator, 138
Indemnity, 289
India, 171
Inouye, Count, 272
Ionian Isles, 170
Isabella, 82
Islamism, 56
Ito, Marquis, 262
Ivan I, 66
Ivan III (the Great), 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 84
Ivan IV (the Terrible), 75, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 96, 101, 113, 249
Ivan (the Imbecile), 112, 130
Ivan Mazeppa, 127, 128, 130
Ivan V, 146
Ivan VI, 148, 154, 155
Ivan Shuvalof, 150

Japan, 256
Japan-Korea Treaty, 1876, 261
Japan Treaty with U. S., 1854, 258

Kaminski, Battle of, 163
Karz, 226
Kazan, 77
Khazarui, the, 17, 23
Kiel, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 35, 36, 39,
40, 42, 49, 61
Kishineff, 279
Komura, Baron, 278, 288
Knout, 30
Koenigsberg, 45
Koreans, 259
Kosciusko, 163
Kossuth, 201, 202
Koulaks, 230
Kremlin (the), 62, 66, 101
Kublai-khan, 56
Kurland, Duke of, 153
Kuropatkin, 281
Kutchko, 62
Kutuzof, 181

Lacour (M. de), 206
Laharpe, 175
Latin Church, 31, 44, 45
Leipzig, 183
Leo VI, 20
Leo X, 80, 81
Liao-Tung, Gulf of, 253
Liberalism, 222
Li Hung Chang, 262
Li-Ito Treaty, 262
Lithuania, 59, 60, 63, 68, 84
Lithuanians (the), 13, 17, 59, 77
Little Russia, 106, 127
Livonia, 124
Livonian Knights, 44, 54
Livonian Orders, 74
Lombardy, 170
Louis IX, 50
Louis XI, 82, 83, 95
Louis XIV, 121, 126
Louis XV, 140
Louis Napoleon, 205
Louis Phillippe, 192, 201
Lubeck, 45

Magyar, 11
Makaroff, M., 297, 298
Makaroff, Admiral, 277
Malakof, 213
Manchuria, 253
Manchus (the), 255
Marco Polo, 47
Marfa, 90
Maria Theresa, 150
Marie, 224
Maximilian, 82
Menschikof, 131, 142, 144, 145, 206, 207, 210, 213
Merienburg, 130
Metropolitan (the), 66
Mickiewiz, 164
Mikhailof, Peter, 118
Mir, 15, 57, 98
Mir-eaters, 230
Mirski, Prince, 279, 280, 283
Mohammedanism, 208
Mongols, 48, 49, 51, 52, 56, 63
Monomakh, 40, 61, 63
Montenegro, 224, 226, 227
Moscow, 54, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 90, 181, 182
Moskwa (the), 62
Mukden, 256, 277
Muraviev, 250, 251, 283
Muscovite, 66, 67
Muscovy, 59, 65
Mussulman, 27

Napoleon Bonaparte, 169, 170, 171, 172, 177, 180, 183
Narva, Battle of, 125
Natalia, 108, 109, 111
National Assembly, 103, 290, 292
Nesselrode (Count), 207
Nestor, 22, 25
Neva (the), 4, 54
Nevski, Alexander, 54, 55, 63, 69, 103
Nevski, Daniel, 63, 66
Nicholas I, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 196, 199, 201,
203, 208, 210
Nicholas II, 241
Nicholas III, 249
Nihilism, 232, 237, 238
Nikolaievsk, 250, 251
Nikon (Patriarch), 107, 109
Nikopolis, 226
Nogi, General, 281
Norse, 34
Norsemen, 18, 25
Novgorod, 14, 18, 26, 28, 35, 41, 42, 43, 54, 55, 57, 65, 67,
74,79, 90

Odessa, 210
Oka (the), 76
Oleg, 19, 20, 21, 26, 71
Olga, 21, 23, 28
Osterman, 148
Othman, 70, 71
Ottoman, 70
Ottoman Empire, 158, 166, 226, 227
Oyama, 281

Paleologisk, John, 73
Pantheon, 14
Paris, Treaty of, 184
Patkul, 124, 126
Patriarchalism, 217
Patriarchate (the), 135
Patriarchs, 30
Paul I, 159, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173
Peace Conference, 287
Peace Congress, 242
Pechenegs, 20, 23, 24
Pechili, Gulf of, 253
Peloponnesus (the), 13, 24
Perry, Commodore, 258
Perun, 14, 20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 59
Pestel, 188, 189
Peter the Great, 95, 104, 109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118,
120, 121, 122, 125, 127, 132, 135, 139, 145, 174, 176
Peter III, 151, 168
Plague of Moscow, 158
Plevna, 226
Pobiedonosteeff, 278, 283
Poland, 13, 32, 50, 59, 60, 68, 105, 156, 162, 163, 164, 221
Poles, 77
Poliani (the), 13
Polovtsui (the), 46, 48
Poltova, 129
Pope, 44
Pope Leo VI, 38
Port Arthur, 253, 264, 278, 279
Portsmouth, Peace of, 290
Posadnik, 38, 42, 45
Potemkin, 166
Proteus, 14
Prussia, 45, 162
Pruth, Treaty of, 133
Pskof, 18, 74, 78, 79
Pugatschek, the Cossack, 158
Pushkin, 20
Pyrenees, 72

Raskolniks, 107, 109, 110, 137, 138
Reinforced Defense, Law of, 296, 298
Revolution of 1762, 155
Rojestvenski, 286
Rollo, 25
Roman Empire, 31, 32
Romanoff, 86, 301
Romanoff, Mikhail, 103, 104, 105, 107
Rome, 31, 32
Romish Church, 105
Rosen, Baron, 287
Roosevelt, President, 287, 289
Roumania, 226
Ruileef, 189
Rurik, 18, 21, 34, 46, 66, 71, 103, 249
Russian Academy, 160

Saardan, 118
Sagas, 38
Saghalien, 289, 290
Samurai, 257
San Stefano (Treaty of), 226
Saracen, 13, 50
Sarat, 55, 56, 65, 69, 271
Saxons, 25
Scandinavia, 37
Scandinavians, 17, 25, 26, 27, 29
Scythians, 6, 7, 14, 24
Sea of Azof, 12, 46, 48
Sebastopol, 7, 164, 210
Senate, 135
Sergius, Grand Duke, 284
Servia, 226, 227
Shantung, 266
Shintoism, 257
Shipka Pass, 226
Siberia, 93
Siberia, Maritime Provinces of, 252
Sienkiewicz, 164
Sigismund, 81, 102
Silvesta, 87
Sineus, 18
Sisalpine, 170
Slav, 8, 12, 15, 17, 18, 24, 26, 27, 32, 34, 36, 37, 43, 44
Slavonia, 19, 58
Slavonic, 15, 24, 25, 36, 50
Sobor, 95, 97, 135
Socialism, 232
Sophia, 73, 81, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 122
Sophia, Queen of Prussia, 118
Sophia Perovskaya, 238
Spain, 25
Speranski, 179, 185
St. Basil, Church of, 29
St. Bartholomew, Massacre, 92
Stoessel, General, 281
St. Paul, Cathedral of, 130
St. Petersburg, 125, 126
St. Vladimir, 101
Stratford de Redcliffe (Lord), 206, 207
Stribog, 14
Strultsui, 115, 116, 121, 123
Suez Canal, 224
Suleyman, the Magnificent, 197
Suvorov, 170
Suzdal, 40, 43, 46, 52, 61
Sviatoslaf, 22, 23, 24, 26
Sweden, 74, 124, 180
Swedes, 54
Sword-Bearers, 44

Tai-Tsiu, 255
Tartar, 8, 20, 21, 46, 49, 51, 63
Takahira, Kogaro, 287
Taxes, 229
Tchinovniks, 231
Teutonic Order, 44
Togo, Admiral, 286
Tokio, 287, 289
Tolstoi, 141, 144
Tong-Hak Rebellion, 263
Top Knot (the), 273
Topography, 1
Trans-Siberian Railway, 267, 270
Treaty of 1841, 203
Treaty with China, 1858, 251
Truvor, 18
Tsar, 23
Tsarkoe-Selo, Palace of, 286
Tsushima, 286
Turguenief, 200, 232
Turk (the), 8, 9, 17, 70, 71, 132, 153
Turkey,170
Turkish Empire, 204, 208
Tycoon, 258

United States, 202
Ural, 3, 93
Ussuri Region, 252
Usury, 229

Vampires, 14
Varangians, 18, 20
Vasili, 66, 67, 68
Vasili II, 71, 72, 78, 79
Vasili Shuiski, 102
Verestchagin, 245
Vernet, Horace, 128
Vetche, 15, 42, 55
Viborg, 299
Vich, 147
Victor Emmanuel, 213
Visigoths, 25
Vistula, 13
Vladimir, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 182
Vladivostok, 252, 254, 286
Vna, 147
Volga (the), 3, 12, 42
Volkof (the), 28
Volost, 15, 98, 220
Volus, 14
Von Plehve, 278, 279, 280

Warsaw, University of, 194
Wei-Hai-Wei, Battle of, 1895, 264
Western Empire (the), 38
White Seat (the), 91
Winter Palace, 283, 285, 287, 288, 294
William I, 223
William III, 120
Witte (M. de), 278

Yalu, the, 264
Yaroslaf I, 35, 38, 54
Yaroslaf II, 52
Yaropolk, 26
Yellow Sea (the), 253
Yermak, 94, 250

Zemstvo, 220, 239, 280, 291, 302
Zoe, Princess, 73
Zone of Forests, 4

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