Raphael Holinshed - Chronicles (1 of 6): The Historie of England (7 of 8)

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THE TENTH CHAPTER.

In the meane while that Edmund was busie to leauie a new armie in
Glocester, and other parties of Mercia, Cnute hauing got so great a
victorie (as before is mentioned) receiued into his obeisance, not
onelie the citie of London, but also manie other cities and townes of
great name, and shortlie after hasted forward to pursue his enimie
king Edmund, who was readie with a mightie host to trie the vttermost
chance of battell if they should eftsoones ioine. Heerevpon, both
[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
the armies being readie to giue the onset, the one in sight of the
other at a place called Dearehurst, neere to the riuer of Seuerne, by
[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ _Simon Dun._]
the drift of duke Edrike, who then at length began to shew some
token of good meaning, the two kings came to a communication, and in
the end concluded an agreement, as some haue written, without anie
more adoo. Others write, that when both the armies were at point to
[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ saith this was Edrike.]
haue ioined, one of the capteins (but whether he were a Dane or an
Englishman, it is not certeinlie told) stood vp in such a place, as
he might be heard of both the princes, & boldlie vttered his mind in
forme following.

_The oration of a capteine in the audience of the English and Danish
armie_.

"We haue, most woorthie capteins, fought long inough one against
another, there hath beene but too much bloud shed betweene both
the nations, and the valiancie of the souldiers on both sides is
sufficientlie seene by triall, & either of your manhoods likewise, and
yet can you beare neither good nor euill fortune. If one of you win
the battell, he pursueth him that is ouercome; and if he chance to
be vanquished, he resteth not till he haue recouered new strength to
fight eftsoones with him that is victor. What should you meane by this
your inuincible courage? At what marke shooteth your greedie desire to
beare rule, and your excessive thirst to atteine honour? If you
fight for a kingdome, diuide it betweene you two, which sometime
was sufficient for seuen kings: but if you couet to winne fame and
glorious renowme, and for the same are driuen to try the hazard
whether ye shall command or obeie, deuise the waie whereby ye may
without so great slaughter, and without such pitifull bloudshed of
both your guiltlesse peoples, trie whether of you is most woorthie to
be preferred."

[Sidenote: The two kings appoint to try the matter by a combat.]
Thus made he an end, and the two princes allowed well of his last
motion, and so order was taken, that they should fight togither in a
singular combat within a litle Iland inclosed with the riuer of
[Sidenote: Oldney.]
Seuerne called Oldney, with condition, that whether of them chanced to
be victor, should be king, and the other to resigne his title for euer
into his hands. The two princes entering into the place appointed, in
faire armour, began the battell in sight of both their armies ranged
in goodlie order on either side the riuer, with doubtfull minds, and
nothing ioifull, as they that wauered betwixt hope and feare. The two
[Sidenote: _Matt. Westm._]
champions manfullie assailed either other, without sparing. First,
they went to it on horssebacke, and after on foot. Cnute was a man
[Sidenote: Cnute of what stature he was.]
of a meane stature, but yet strong and hardie, so that receiuing a
great blow by the hand of his aduersarie, which caused him somewhat
to stagger; yet recouered himselfe, and boldly stept forward to be
reuenged. But perceiuing he could not find aduantage, and that
[Sidenote: Cnute ouermatched.]
he was rather too weake, and shrewdlie ouermatched, he spake to
[Sidenote: Cnutes woords to Edmund.]
Edmund with a lowd voice on this wise: "What necessitie (saith he)
ought thus to mooue vs, most valiant prince, that for the obteining
of a kingdome, we should thus put our liues in danger? Better were
it that laieng armour and malice aside, we should condescend to some
reasonable agreement. Let vs become sworne brethren, and part the
[Sidenote: _H. Hunt._]
kingdome betwixt vs: and let vs deale so friendlie, that thou
maist vse my things as thine owne, and I thine as though they were
mine." King Edmund with those woords of his aduersarie was so
pacified, that immediatlie he cast awaie his swoord, and comming to
[Sidenote: They make vp the matter betwixt themselves.]
Cnute, ioined hands with him. Both the armies by their example
did the like, which looked for the same fortune to fall on their
countries, which should happen to their princes by the successe of
that one battell. After this, there was an agreement deuised betwixt
them, so that a partition of the realme was made, and that part that
lieth fore against France, was assigned to Edmund, and the other
[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
fell to Cnute. There be that write, how the offer was made by king
Edmund for the auoiding of more bloudshed, that the two princes should
trie the matter thus togither in a singular combat. But Cnute refused
the combat, bicause (as he alledged) the match was not equall. For
although he was able to match Edmund in boldnesse of stomach, yet was
he farre too weake to deale with a man of such strength as Edmund was
knowne to be. But sith they did pretend title to the realme by due and
good direct meanes, he thought it most conuenient that the kingdome
should be diuided betwixt them. This motion was allowed of both the
armies, so that king Edmund was of force constreined to be contented
therewith.

¶ Thus our common writers haue recorded of this agreement, but if I
should not be thought presumptuous, in taking vpon me to reprooue,
or rather but to mistrust that which hath beene receiued for a true
narration in this matter, I would rather giue credit vnto that
[Sidenote: _Encomium Emmae_.]
which the author of the booke intituled "Encomium Emmae," dooth report
in this behalfe. Which is that through persuasion of Edrike de
Streona, king Edmund immediatelie after the battell fought at Ashdone,
sent ambassadors vnto Cnute to offer vnto him peace, with halfe the
realme of England, that is to say, the north parts, with condition
that king Edmund might quietlie inioy the south parts, and therevpon
haue pledges deliuered interchangeablie on either side.

Cnute hauing heard the effect of this message, staied to make answer
till he heard what his councell would aduise him to doo in this
behalfe: and vpon good deliberation taken in the matter, considering
that he had lost no small number of people in the former battell, and
that being farre out of his countrie, he could not well haue anie new
supplie, where the Englishmen although they had likewise lost verie
manie of their men of warre, yet being in their owne countrie, it
should be an easie matter for them to restore their decaid number, it
was thought expedient by the whole consent of all the Danish capteins,
that the offer of king Edmund should be accepted.

Herevpon Cnute calling the ambassadors before him againe, declared
vnto them, that he was contented to conclude a peace vpon such
conditions as they had offered: but yet with this addition, that their
king whatsoeuer he should be, should paie Cnutes souldiers their
wages, with monie to be leuied of that part of the kingdome which the
English king should possesse. "For (this saith he) I haue vndertaken
to see them paid, and otherwise I will not grant to anie peace." The
league and agreement therefore being concluded in this sort,
pledges were deliuered and receiued on both parties, and the armies
[Sidenote: This is alleged touching the partiti[=o] of the kingdome.]
discharged. But God (saith mine author) being mindfull of his old
doctrine, that Euerie kingdome diuided in it selfe cannot long stand,
shortlie after tooke Edmund out of this life: and by such meanes
seemed to take pitie of the English kingdome, lest if both the kings
should haue continued in life togither, they should haue liued in
danger. And incontinentlie herevpon was Cnute chosen and receiued for
absolute king of all the whole realme of England. Thus hath he written
that liued in those daies, whose credit thereby is much aduanced.

Howbeit the common report of writers touching the death of Edmund
varieth from this, who doo affirme, that after Cnute and Edmund were
made friends, the serpent of enuie and false conspiracie burnt so in
the hearts of some traitorous persons, that within a while after
[Sidenote: K. Edmund traitorouslie slaine at Oxford. _Fabian._
_Simon Dun._]
king Edmund was slaine at Oxford, as he sat on a priuie to doo the
necessaries of nature. The common report hath gone, that earle Edrike
was the procurer of this villanous act, and that (as some write) his
sonne did it. But the author that wrote "Encomium Emmae," writing of
the death of Edmund, hath these words (immediatlie after he had first
declared in what sort the two princes were agreed, and had made
[Sidenote: This is alleged againe for the proofe of Edmunds natural
death.]
partition of the realme betwixt them:) But God (saith he) being
mindfull of his old doctrine, that Euerie kingdome diuided in it selfe
can not long stand, shortlie after tooke Edmund out of this life: and
by such meanes seemed to take pitie vpon the English kingdome, least
if both the kings should haue continued in life togither, they should
both haue liued in great danger, and the realme in trouble. With this
agreeth also Simon Dunel. who saith, that king Edmund died of naturall
[Sidenote: _Fabian_.]
sicknesse, by course of kind at London, about the feast of saint
Andrew next insuing the late mentioned agreement.

[Sidenote: _Ranul. Hig._ _Hen. Hunt._]
And this should seeme true: for whereas these authors which
report, that earle Edrike was the procurer of his death, doo also
write, that when he knew the act to be done, he hasted vnto Cnute, and
declared vnto him what he had brought to passe for his aduancement to
the gouernment of the whole realme. Wherevpon Cnute, abhorring such a
detestable fact, said vnto him: "Bicause thou hast for my sake, made
away the worthiest bodie of the world, I shall raise thy head aboue
all the lords of England," and so caused him to be put to death.
[Sidenote: Some thinke that he was duke of Mercia before, and now
had Essex adioined thereto.]
Thus haue some bookes. Howbeit this report agreeth not with other
writers, which declare how Cnute aduanced Edrike in the beginning of
his reigne vnto high honor, and made him gouernor of Mercia, and vsed
his counsell in manie things after the death of king Edmund, as in
banishing Edwin, the brother of king Edmund, with his sonnes also,
Edmund and Edward.

[Sidenote: Diuerse and discordant reports of Edmunds death.
_Ran. Higd._ _Wil. Malm._]
But for that there is such discordance and variable report amongst
writers touching the death of king Edmund, and some fables inuented
thereof (as the manner is) we will let the residue of their reports
passe; sith certeine it is, that to his end he came, after he had
reigned about the space of one yeere, and so much more as is betweene
the moneth of Iune and the latter end of Nouember. His bodie was
buried at Glastenburie, neere his vncle Edgar. With this Edmund,
surnamed Ironside, fell the glorious maiestie of the English kingdome,
the which afterward as it had beene an aged bodie being sore decaied
and weakened by the Danes, that now got possession of the whole, yet
somewhat recouered after the space of 26 yeers vnder king Edward,
surnamed the Confessor: and shortlie therevpon as it had beene falne
into a resiluation, came to extreame ruine by the inuasion and
conquest of the Normans: as after by Gods good helpe and fauorable
assistance it shall appeare. So that it would make a diligent and
marking reader both muse and moorne, to see how variable the state of
this kingdome hath beene, & thereby to fall into a consideration of
the frailtie and vncerteintie of this mortall life, which is no more
free from securitie, than a ship on the sea in tempestuous weather.
For as the casualties wherewith our life is inclosed and beset with
round about, are manifold; so also are they miserable, so also are
they sudden, so also are they vnauoidable. And true it is, that the
life of man is in the hands of God, and the state of kingdoms dooth
also belong vnto him, either to continue or discontinue. But to the
processe of the matter.

* * * * *

_Cnute vndertaketh the totall regiment of this land, he assembleth a
councell at London, the nobles doo him homage, be diuideth the realme
into foure parts to be gouerned by his assignes; Edwin and Edward
the sonnes of Edmund are banished, their good fortune by honorable
mariages, King Cnute marieth queene Emma the widow of Egelred, the
wise and politike conditions wherevpon this mariage was concluded, the
English bloud restored to the crowne and the Danes excluded, queene
Emma praised for hir high wisedome in choosing an enimie to hir
husband; Cnute dismisseth the Danish armie into Denmarke; Edrike de
Streona bewraieth his former trecherie, and procureth his owne death
through rashnesse and follie, the discordant report of writers
touching the maner & cause of his death, what noble men were executed
with him, and banished out of England, Cnute a monarch._

THE XJ. CHAPTER.

[Sidenote: CANUTE, KNOUGHT OR CNUTE.]
Canute, or Cnute, whome the English chronicles doo name Knought,
after the death of king Edmund, tooke vpon him the whole rule ouer
all the realme of England, in the yeere of our Lord 1017, in the
[Sidenote: 1017.]
seuenteenth yeere of the emperour Henrie the second, surnamed Claudus,
in the twentith yeere of the reigne of Robert king of France, and
about the 7 yeere of Malcolme king of Scotland. Cnute shortlie after
the death of king Edmund, assembled a councell at London, in the which
he caused all the nobles of the realme to doo him homage, in receiuing
an oth of loiall obeisance. He diuided the realme into foure parts,
assigning Northumberland vnto the rule of Irke or Iricius, Mercia vnto
Edrike, and Eastangle vnto Turkill, and reseruing the west part to his
owne gouernance. He banished (as before is said) Edwin, the brother
of king Edmund; but such as were suspected to be culpable of Edmunds
death, he caused to be put to execution: whereby it should appeere,
that Edrike was not then in anie wise detected or once thought to be
giltie.

[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Ran. Higd._ King of churles. _Wil. Malm._]
The said Edwin afterwards returned, and was then reconciled to the
kings fauor (as some write) but shortlie after traitorouslie slaine by
his owne seruants. He was called the king of churles. Others write,
that he came secretlie into the realme after he had beene banished,
and keeping himselfe closelie out of sight, at length ended his life,
and was buried at Tauestocke. Moreouer, Edwin and Edward the sonnes of
king Edmund were banished the land, and sent first vnto Sweno king
[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._]
of Norweie to haue bin made away: but Sweno vpon remorse of conscience
sent them into Hungarie, where they found great fauor at the hands
of king Salomon, insomuch that Edwin maried the daughter of the same
Salomon, but had no issue by hir. Edward was aduanced to marie with
Agatha, daughter of the emperour Henrie, and by hir had issue two
sonnes, Edmund and Edgar surnamed Edeling, and as many daughters,
Margaret and Christine, of the which in place conuenient more shall be
said.

[Sidenote: _Polydor_. King Cnute maried to queene Emma the widow of
Egelred, in Iulie, anno. 1017.]
When king Cnute had established things, as he thought stood most
for his suertie, he called to his remembrance, that he had no issue
but two bastard sonnes Harold and Sweno, begotten of his concubine
Alwine. Wherefore he sent ouer to Richard duke of Normandie, requiring
to haue queene Emma, the widow of king Egelred in mariage, and so
obteined hir, not a little to the woonder of manie, which thought a
great ouersight both in the woman and in hir brother, that would
[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
satisfie the request of Cnute herein, considering he had beene such a
mortall enimie to hir former husband. But duke Richard did not onelie
consent, that his said sister should be maried vnto Cnute, but also he
himselfe tooke to wife the ladie Hestritha, sister to the said Cnute.

¶ Here ye haue to vnderstand, that this mariage was not made without
[Sidenote: The couenants made at the mariage betwixt Cnute and Emma.]
great consideration & large couenants granted on the part of king
Cnute: for before he could obteine queene Emma to his wife, it was
fullie condescended & agreed, that after Cnuts decease, the crowne of
England should remaine to the issue borne of this mariage betwixt hir
& Cnute, which couenant although it was not performed immediatlie
after the deceasse of king Cnute, yet in the end it tooke place, so
as the right seemed to be deferred, and not to be taken away nor
abolished: for immediatlie vpon Harolds death that had vsurped,
Hardicnute succeeded as right heire to the crowne, by force of the
agreement made at the time of the mariage solemnized betwixt his
father and mother, and being once established in the kingdome, he
ordeined his brother Edward to succeed him, whereby the Danes were
vtterlie excluded from all right that they had to pretend vnto the
crowne of this land, and the English bloud restored thereto, chieflie
by that gratious conclusion of this mariage betwixt king Cnute and
[Sidenote: The English bloud restored. The praise of queene Emma for
hir wisdome.]
queene Emma. For the which no small praise was thought to be due vnto
the said queene, sith by hir politike gouernement, in making hir
match so beneficiall to hir selfe and hir line, the crowne was thus
recouered out of the hands of the Danes, and restored againe in time
[Sidenote: _Encomium Emmae_.]
to the right heire, as by an auncient treatise which some haue
intituled "Encomium Emmae," and was written in those daies, it dooth
and may appeare. Which booke although there be but few copies thereof
abroad, giueth vndoubtedlie great light to the historie of that time.

[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
But now to our purpose. Cnute the same yeare in which he was thus
maried, through persuasion of his wife queene Emma, sent awaie the
Danish nauie and armie home into Denmarke, giuing to them fourescore
and two thousand pounds of siluer, which was leuied throughout
[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ 1018.]
this land for their wages. In the yeare 1018, Edrike de Streona earle
of Mercia was ouerthrowen in his owne turne: for being called before
the king into his priuie chamber, and there in reasoning the
matter about some quarrell that was picked to him, he began verie
presumptuouslie to vpbraid the king of such pleasures as he had before
time doone vnto him; "I did (said he) for the loue which I bare
towards you, forsake my souereigne lord king Edmund, and at length for
your sake slue him." At which words Cnute began to change countenance,
as one maruellouslie abashed, and straightwaies gaue sentence against
Edrike in this wise; "Thou art woorthie (saith he) of death, and die
thou shalt, which art guiltie of treason both towards God and me, sith
that thou hast slaine thine own souereigne lord, and my deere alied
brother. Thy bloud therefore be vpon thine owne head, sith thy toong
hath vttered thy treason." And immediatlie he caused his throat to be
cut, and his bodie to be throwen out at the chamber window into the
[Sidenote: Edrike put to death.]
riuer of Thames. ¶ But others say, that hands were laid vpon him
in the verie same chamber or closet where he murdered the king, &
straightwaies to preuent all causes of tumults & hurlieburlies, he
was put to death with terrible torments of fierbrands & links; which
execution hauing passed vpon him, a second succeeded; for both his
feet were bound together, and his bodie drawne through the streets of
the citie, & in fine cast into a common ditch called Houndsditch; for
that the citizens threw their dead dogs and stinking carrion with
other filth into it, accounting him worthie of a worse rather than of
a better buriall. In such hatred was treason had, being a vice which
the verie infidels and grosse pagans abhorred, else would they not
haue said, _Proditionem amo, proditorem odi_; Treason I loue, but a
traitor I hate. This was the end of Edrike, surnamed de Stratten
or Streona, a man of great infamie for his craftie dissimulation,
falshood and treason, vsed by him to the ouerthrow of the English
estate, as partlie before is touched.

[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _Encomium Emmae_.]
But there be that concerning the cause of this Edriks death, seeme
partlie to disagree from that which before is recited, declaring that
Cnute standing in some doubt to be betraied through the treason
of Edrike, sought occasion how to rid him and others (whome he
mistrusted) out of the way. And therefore on a day when Edrike craued
some preferment at Cnuts hands, & said that he had deserued to be
well thought of, sith by his flight from the battell at Ashendon, the
victorie therby inclined to Cnutes part: Cnute hearing him speake
these words, made this answere: "And canst thou (quoth he) be true to
me, that through fraudulent meanes diddest deceiue thy souereigne lord
and maister? But I will reward thee according to thy deserts, so as
from henceforth thou shalt not deceiue anie other," and so forthwith
commanded Erike one of his chiefe capteines to dispatch him, who
incontinentlie cut off his head with his axe or halbert. Verelie Simon
Dunelmensis saith, that K. Cnute vnderstanding in what sort both king
Egelred, and his sonne king Edmund Ironside had beene betraied by the
said Edrike, stood in great doubt to be likewise deceiued by him, and
therefore was glad to haue some pretended quarell, to dispatch both
him and others, whome he likewise mistrusted, as it well appeared. For
at the same time there were put to death with Edrike earle Norman the
sonne of earle Leofwin, and brother to earle Leofrike: also Adelward
the sonne of earle Agelmare and Brightrike the sonne of Alfegus
gouernor of Deuonshire, without all guilt or cause (as some write.)
And in place of Norman, his brother Leofrike was made earle of Mercia
by the king, and had in great fauour. This Leofrike is commonlie also
by writers named earle of Chester. After this, Cnute likewise banished
Iric and Turkill, two Danes, the one (as before is recited) gouernor
of Northumberland, and the other of Northfolke and Suffolke or
Eastangle.

Then rested the whole rule of the realme in the kings hands, wherevpon
he studied to preserue the people in peace, and ordeined lawes,
[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ Lords put to death.]
according to the which both Danes and Englishmen should be
gouerned in equall state and degree. Diuers great lords whome he found
vnfaithfull or rather suspected, he put to death (as before ye haue
heard) beside such as he banished out of the realme. He raised a tax
[Sidenote: A taxe raised.]
or tribute of the people, amounting to the summe of fourescore &
two thousand pounds, besides 11000 pounds, which the Londoners paid
towards the maintenance of the Danish armie. But whereas these things
chaunced not all at one time, but in sundrie seasons, we will returne
somewhat backe to declare what other exploits were atchiued in the
meane time by Cnute, not onelie in England, but also in Denmarke, and
elsewhere: admonishing the reader in the processe of the discourse
following, that much excellent matter is comprehended, whereout (if
the same be studiouslie read and diligentlie considered) no small
profit is to be reaped, both for the augmentation of his owne
knowledge and others that be studious.

* * * * *

_Cnute saileth into Denmarke to subdue the Vandals, earle Goodwins
good seruice with the English against the said Vandals, and what
benefit accrewed vnto the Englishmen by the said good seruice, he
returneth into England after the discomfiture of the enimie, he
saileth ouer againe into Denmarke and incountreth with the Sweideners,
the occasion of this warre or incounter taken by Olauus, his hard hap,
vnluckie fortune, and wofull death wrought by the hands of his owne
vnnaturall subiects; Cnuts confidence in the Englishmen, his deuout
voiage to Rome, his returne into England, his subduing of the Scots,
his death and interrement._

THE TWELFTH CHAPTER.

[Sidenote: 1019. King Cnute passeth into Denmarke.]
In the third yeare of his reigne Cnute sailed with an armie of
Englishmen and Danes into Denmarke, to subdue the Vandals there, which
[Sidenote: Earle Goodwin his seruice in Denmarke.]
then sore annoied and warred against his subiects of Denmarke.
Earle Goodwine, which had the souereigne conduct of the Englishmen,
the night before the day appointed for the battell got him forth of
the campe with his people, and suddenlie assailing the Vandals in
their lodgings, easilie distressed them, sleaing a great number of
them, and chasing the residue. In the morning earlie, when as Cnute
heard that the Englishmen were gone foorth of their lodgings, he
supposed that they were either fled awaie, or else turned to take
part with the enimies. But as he approched to the enimies campe, he
vnderstood how the mater went; for he found nothing there but
[Sidenote: Cnute had the Englishmen in estimation for their good
service.]
bloud, dead bodies, and the spoile. For which good seruice, Cnute had
the Englishmen in more estimation euer after, and highlie rewarded
their leader the same earle Goodwine. When Cnute had ordered all
things in Denmarke, as was thought behoofefull, he returned againe
into England: and within a few daies after, he was aduertised that
the Swedeners made warre against his subiects of Denmarke, vnder the
[Sidenote: 1028. Cnute passeth againe into Denmarke.]
leding of two great princes, Vlfe and Vlafe. Wherefore to defend
his dominions in those parts, he passed againe with an armie into
Denmarke, incountred with his enimies, and receiued a sore ouerthrow,
[Sidenote: _Will. Malm._]
loosing a great number both of Danes and Englishmen. But gathering
togither a new force of men, he set againe vpon his enimies, and
ouercame them, constreining the two foresaid princes to agree vpon
[Sidenote: _Matt. Westm._]
reasonable conditions of peace. Matth. West. recounteth, that at this
time earle Goodwine and the Englishmen wrought the enterprise aboue
mentioned, of assaulting the enimies campe in the night season, after
Cnute had first lost in the day before no small number of his people:
and that then the foresaid princes or kings, as he nameth them Vlfus
[Sidenote: _Albertus Crantz_.]
and Aulafus, which latter he calleth Eiglafe, were constrained to
agree vpon a peace. The Danish chronicles alledge, that the occasion
of this warre rose hereof. This Olauus aided Cnute (as the same
writers report) against king Edmund and the Englishmen. But when
the peace should be made betweene Cnute and Edmund, there was no
consideration had of Olauus: whereas through him the Danes chieflie
obteined the victorie. Herevpon Olauus was sore offended in his mind
against Cnute, and now vpon occasion sought to be reuenged. But what
soeuer the cause was of this warre betwixt these two princes, the
end was thus: that Olauus was expelled out of his kingdome, and
constreined to flee to Gerithaslaus a duke in the parties of Eastland,
and afterward returning into Norwaie, was slaine by such of his
subiects as tooke part with Cnute, in manner as in the historie of
Norwaie, appeareth more at large, with the contrarietie found in the
writings of them which haue recorded the histories of those north
[Sidenote: Magnus Olauus.]
regions.

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