Robert W. Williamson - The Mafulu

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Ex. _dini kakava(ne)_ we (are) strong; _yani kapape,_ you two (are)
weak; but, _muni isosongai,_ they (are) idle.

When the predicate expresses a negation the word expressing the
quality is followed by the adverb _ua(ne)_ not.

Ex. _sesad' ua, onov' aka,_ it is not long, it is short.

3. Comparison.

There is no special form for comparisons. Two positive statements
are made, or a superlative may be used.

Ex. My house is larger than yours may be translated: _naul' e baibe,
nul' a kisiaka,_ my house is large, yours is small, or _nul'e baibe,
naul'a baibe ta,_ your house is large, mine is large much.

Equality is expressed by the suffix _-umba_ or _-yakala._

Ex. _naul' e, nul' em' umba,_ my house is like your house; _nuni
sesada, nauyekala,_ you are tall like me.

A superlative is expressed by the prefix _ande,_ or the suffix _-ta._
But if the adjective in the superlative expresses a lessening of the
quality then _-aka(ne)_ is suffixed.

Ex. _baibe,_ large, _ande baibe,_ larger; _ifa,_ fine, _ifata,_ finer;
but _ono(ve),_ short, _onov'aka,_ shorter.

The prefix _ande_ is used only with adjectives which express an idea
of extension.

When the adjective expresses an actual state rather than a passive,
it is preceded by the sign of past tense, the particle _ga._

Ex. _ant g'ifa,_ the breeches are (have become) good; _ena ga ko,_
the road (is) bad.

III. Demonstrative Adjectives.

The demonstrative adjectives in Fuyuge are represented by the suffixes
-_ana_, this, -_ala_, this, here, -_vala_ that, there. The same
expressions translate the French "le voici," "le voila."

Ex. _indiv'ana_, this knife; _eni'ala_, this house; _enavala_,
that road.

There is no article, but the expression _u mane_ is used in reference
to any thing which has been previously spoken about.

Ex. _enamb' ifa_, or _enamb' un' ifa_, it (is) a good road; but _enamb
u man' ifa_, the road (which has been mentioned) is good.

IV. Interrogative Adjectives.

For these. _See_ Pronouns.

V. Indefinite Adjectives.

The indefinite adjectives are _oko_, some, a little, part of;
_tale(le)_, several, many; _korio_, several; _gegeto_, a few, several;
_alu(ve)_, all; _urambe_, another; _none_, together, one with the
other; _dovavemunge_? _domamai_? how many?

Note.--When _oko_ is followed by a word beginning with _i_, it
becomes _oku_.

Ex. _Kuku oko nei_, give me some tobacco; _nemb' oko ematsi_, they
will spear the birds; _bodol' oko tsia_, take one of his hands;
_indiv' oko ya_, take a knife; _kuk oko ua_, (there is) no tobacco;
_indiv' oku i_, give him a knife; _ake talel' ando_, there are many
men; _kupa korio inde_, give several potatoes; _me' gegeto indiatsi_,
some children will come; _aked' aluvi etsi ando_, all the men are
in the village; _nau mel' alu_, all my children; _indiv' urambe ya_,
take another knife; _Pitsoke non' ade_, the Pitsoke strike one another;
_oye non' ongete_, the dogs keep beside each other; _kokol' ul' ombo
dovavemunge?_ how many eggs? _nu sise domamai?_ how many dog's teeth?

VI. Possessive Adjectives.

_See_ Possessive Pronouns.

Numerals.

I. There are only two numerals: _fida (ne)_, one, and _gegeto_,
two. _Gegeto_ is also used for a small number, and _gegetom'inda_,
is little used for three. For more than three, _gegeto_, meaning
"a few," or _tale(le)_, "many" is used.

II. There are no ordinals and the only distributive is _fida fida_,
one by one.

Pronouns.

I. Personal Pronouns. Simple.

Singular.

lst Person _na, nave, nani,_ I, me
2nd Person _nu, nove, nuni,_ thou, thee
3rd Person _u(ne), ove, uni,_ he, she, it, him, her

Dual.

lst Person _da, dani,_ we, or us two
2nd Person _ya, yani,_ you two
3rd Person _tu, tuni,_ they, or them two

Plural.

1st Person _di, dini,_ we, us
2nd Person _yi yini,_ you
3rd Person _mu, muni,_ they, them

1. The first form _na, nu, u(ne)_ etc., is used either as subject or
object of the verb, the meaning being only indicated by the position
of the word.

Ex. _na kuku nu inditsi,_ I will give thee tobacco; _na un' adatsi,_
I will strike him; _ya di ong' ando,_ you two are beside us.

When used before the imperative of the verb _indi,_ to give, _na_
becomes _ne._

Ex. _ne i, ne inde,_ give me.

2. The forms _nave_ and _ove_ are rarely used. The commonest use is
with the words _ete,_ to say, _ende,_ also.

Ex. _nav' elete,_ I said; _ov' elete,_ he said; _nav' ende, nov'
ende, ov' ende,_ I also, thou also, he also.

3. The forms _nani, nuni,_ etc., are employed when the verb is
understood, or to indicate opposition or emphasis.

Ex. _da gatsi? dini;_ who will go? we (will); _nuni kakape ta,
nani kakava,_ you are weak, but I am strong; _nani a baibe,_ I am a
great man.

4. The dual is generally observed by the natives. Adjectives used
with the dual pronoun take the singular form.

Ex. _dani sosonga,_ we (are) idle,

5. The dual is often employed with two subjects one of which is plural.

Ex. _Kakao tu, tsimani u g'anga_, Kakao they two, with the policemen,
have started.

When _dani_ is used alone it is generally inclusive of the person
addressed, and means "I and thou." If the third person is intended
the name is used: _dani Okomi' u da gatsi_, we two Okomi with we will
go. _Yani_ is used in a similar way, when one of the persons referred
to is not present: _ya, Dun'u yani natsi_, you two Dune with you will
go. The use of the conjunction _u(ne)_ with the second member of the
subject does not appear to be constant.

6. The pronoun of the third person singular _u(ne)_ when it is the
direct object of the verb usually follows, and often takes the form
-_unde_.

Ex. _kodigitsi mau_, put it in the dish; _nag' al' unde_, I have
seen him.

II. Personal Pronouns. Compound.

From the pronouns _na, nu_, etc., are derived by means of the suffix
-_muku_, alone, the forms _namuku, numuku_, etc., with the meanings,
"I alone, without company," etc.

The suffix -_mule_, is equivalent to self, _namule, numule_, etc.,
myself, thyself, etc.

From _nani, nuni_, etc., come the forms: _naniende_, or _nanienge_,
etc., meaning myself in person, etc.; _nanieke, nunieke_, etc., from
-_eke_, alone; _naniova_, etc., it is my business, _nanibila_, I by
myself, without help. _Nani endebila_ is more emphatic than _nanibila_.

Ex. _numuku andola_? art thou quite alone? _da gatsi? uniende_; who
will go? he himself; _nu da? nanienge_; who art thou? it is myself;
_amed' unieke ando_, the chief is alone; _ake muniova_, it is the
men's business; _dinieke al' andetsi_, we will stay here alone;
_isong' unibila_, his own rainbow appears.

III. Possessive Pronouns.

1. These are formed from the simple forms of the personal pronouns
by suffixing -_ula(ne)_ literally "his thing."

Singular. Dual. Plural.

1. _naula(ne)_ 1. _daula(ne)_ 1. _diula(ne)_
2. _nula(ne)_ 2. _yaula(ne)_ 2. _yula(ne)_
3. _ula(ne)_ 3. _tula(le)_ 3. _mula(ne)_

They translate the English mine, thine, etc. Sometimes in compounds
the final _n_ becomes _nd_. Ex. _nauland' aua_, here is mine.

2. The adjectival forms appear without the syllable _la_.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

1. _nau_(_le_) 1. _dau_(_le_) 1. _diu_(_le_)
2. _nu_(_le_) 2. _yau_(_le_) 2. _yu_(_le_)
3. _u_(_le_) 3. _tu_(_le_) 3. _mu_(_le_)

These adjectives precede the noun which they govern. With personal
nouns the forms _naula_, etc., are sometimes used.

Ex. _nau me_ and _naula me_, my son; _diu vase_ and _diula vase_,
our guest.

Note.--The form _nulu_ is heard in the phrase _nulu babe_, thy father.

The suffix _mule_ is also used in the sense of "own."

Ex. _numul' ul' i to, n' alo_, your own name, which I know; _namul'
ul i_, my own name. These suggest that the true possessive is simply
_ul_(_e_) or _ula_(_ne_).

IV. Interrogative Pronouns.

1. These are: _Da_(_le_)? _dau_(_ne_)? who,
which? _anda_(_le_)? what? _unau_? which? They are used also as
adjectives.

Ex. _Nu da_? who art thou? _dau ga ne_? who has eaten it? _anda l'
elete_? what did he say? _Ivi: unau_? Ivi: which one?

2. When the verb is preceded by the particle _ga_, _dau_(_ne_) must
be used instead of _da_(_le_).

V. Indefinite Pronouns.

These are the same as the Indefinite Adjectives.

VI. Relative Pronouns.

The suffix _niu_(_ne_) or _u_(_ne_) takes the place of a relative
pronoun.

Ex. _A yaigegemune_, the man who descends; _audati itedemu bulitsi
jalo tolom elota_, in the garden which they are cutting now when the
food is ripe; _ovo jamun' imbade_, the meat taken from the pig; _fal'
itamun' akeda_, the men who have dug the ground.

Verbs.

I. Conjugation.

The Fuyuge verb is conjugated by modifications of the terminal
syllables, or by a particle added to the subject.

II. The Particle, Ga.

The particle _ga_ (often _g'_ before a vowel) is generally used with
the past tense, and is rarely absent in the positive form of the
verb. But it may be used also with the present and future. With the
present it seems to indicate reference to a preceding action in the
sense of "being on the point of," "ready to." With the future it has
almost the sense of "go."

Ex. _Ake ga nembe na,_ the men have eaten the bird; _amu g'anga_
the women are gone; _naga bulitsi gatsi,_ I am going to go away to
the garden; _naga sue,_ I am going away.

Note (1). _Ga_ always immediately follows the subject, except with
the past of the verb _ange(ge),_ to go, which always has _g'anga._

(2). When the subject is not a pronoun, the pronoun of the 3rd
pers. sing. is often expressed.

(3). _Ga_ never appears to be used in a negative expression.

Ex. _Naga ipitsial' uruv' ema,_ I have killed with the gun a toucan;
_mel ul' etsi g'anga,_ the child to his village has gone; _Okom' ug'
nemb' ema,_ Okome has killed a bird; _ake kupa me na,_ the men have
not eaten the potatoes.

III. Person and Number.

These are not expressed by the verb in Fuyuge.

IV. Tense and Mode.

1. There are three principal tenses, present, past and future. The
present is found in the indicative and imperative modes, the
past in the indicative only, and the future in the indicative and
subjunctive. Besides these, there is a method of expressing the
infinitive, a passive participle, and two forms of verbal adjectives.

2. _Paradigm of tenses and modes._

ememe, umbubi, isiei,
pierce wash follow

Indicative present ememe umbubi isiei
Indicative past (1) ema(me) umbubi(ne) isia
Indicative past (2) emo(ne)
Indicative future ematsi(me) umbubitsi(me) isiatsi
Imperative (1) ema umbubi isia
Imperative (2) emau umbubu
Subjunctive (1) emo(le) umbubi(ne) isio(me)
Subjunctive (2) emo(me)
Infinitive ema(me) umbubi(me) isie(me)
Past participle emam(ane) umbubim(ane)
Verbal adjective (1) emabul(ane) umbubibul(ane)
Verbal adjective (2) ememond(ana)

If the Imperative be regarded as the stem, there appear to be three
Conjugations, but Dr. Strong gives four based on past tense, thus:
i. Verbs with monosyllabic roots, 2. Verbs with roots in _a_, 3. Verbs
with roots in _i_, 4. Verbs with roots in _e_.

His examples are:--

1. 2. 3. 4.
nen, itede, ongai, bole,
eat cut break leave

Present nene itede ongai bolo
Past na ita ongai bole
Future natsi itatsi ongaitsi bolatsi
Imperative nu ito ongai bo(le)
Subjunctive no ito ongai bolo
Infinitive namubabe itamubabe ongaimubabe bolamane
Past participle namane itaname ongaimane bolamane
Adjectival nab'ula(ne) itedondona ongaibula(ne) bolabula(ne)

3. _Notes on the foregoing paradigms._

_a._ Indicative present.

Most verbs double the last syllable of the stem, which in the first
conjugation always ends in _e_. There are, however, some exceptions,
especially among verbs in _i_, and those which have a verbal
suffix. The syllable _-te_ when doubled is always _-tede_.

Ex. _Nag alili_, I see; _nani e gadi_, I build (tie up) the house;
_nani okid' atede_, I light the fire.

_b._ Indicative past.

The difference between the two forms, both of which are preceded
by the particle _ga_, is not yet clearly made out. The ending _e_
seems to refer to the time when the action finished, whilst _-a_
has a more general signification.

Ex. _Naga ne_, I have eaten, _naga kupa na_, I ate the potatoes. There
is another form which replaces the final syllable of the present
tense by _-ua_. Verbs in _-i_ add _-ua_ to the final syllable. But
it is uncertain whether this expresses the near past, or includes an
idea of movement.

Ex. _na bul' elelua_, I have just worked in the garden; _nu a gadi ua_,
you have just tied up the fence.

_c_. Indicative future.

If the syllables preceding the suffix _-tsi_ also contain _-tsi-ti_. In
monosyllabic verbs especially, a second form of the future is often
found, which retains the doubling of the present tense.

Ex. _etsiati_, will come; _nenetsi_, will eat; _yeyetsi_, will
take. For _ga_ with the future, see below.

_d_. Imperative.

The first form of the imperative has less force than the second. In
the first conjugation the second form always terminates in _-au_,
even when the first form is irregular. The last syllable of the
imperative is often lost, especially when the ending is _-li_.

Ex. _aitodede_, runs, imperat. _aitode_ and _aitodau_; _itulili_,
ward off, imperat. _itu_; _bole_, leaves, imperat. _bole_, _bo_,
and _bolau_; _ameme_, puts, imperat. _a_ and _ama_.

The imperative is only used for the second person. In the first and
third (sometimes even in the second) it is replaced by the subjunctive.

Ex. _di ango_, let us go; _to n'alo_, speak, that I may know; _go di
go_, go that we may go.

_e_. Subjunctive.

The two forms of the subjunctive are distinguished only in composition,
and have not yet been clearly understood. The last syllable besides is
rarely heard except in questions, and refers then to the interrogative
form. The subjunctive without a conjunction is used in simple phrases
consisting only of subject and object.

Ex. _kuku gadi, di no_, roll the tobacco (make cigarette), that we
may smoke (eat).

_f_. Infinitive.

The forms given as infinitive are uncertain. They may be verbal
nouns. They are used in phrases such as: _nam' u babe_, father of
eating, for 'a great eater': _tsimilim' u babe_, father of licking,
cf. _andaval' u babe_, father of crying, one who causes crying.

_g_. Past Participle.

This does not easily lose the final syllable when it ends a
sentence. In other cases, when it is followed by the word it qualifies
it loses _-ane_, if the qualified word begins with a vowel, and _-ne_
in other cases.

Ex. _iy' ongaimane_, the cut tree, _indiv' ongaima ya_, or _ongaim'
indi' ya_, take the broken knife, _g'usangaman' ul' ande_, the thing
of death.

The past participle of some verbs has not yet been ascertained.

_h_. Verbal Adjectives.

The exact difference between the two forms is not accurately
ascertained. The first seems to indicate an instrument, and is
equivalent to the phrase "used for," the second appears to indicate
habitual rather than momentary use. When qualifying persons _-onde_
is used for _-ondana_.

Ex. _indi kupa fifitabula_, knife for scraping potatoes; _ai
safatsilibula_, a yam which has rotted; _kulule iy' adedondona_,
a hammer for striking wood; _nuni oyatonde_, you are only joking;
_nani falawa me nonde_, I don't eat bread.

In composition _-ande_, or at least _-nde_, is lost when the word
qualified follows.

Ex. _ai filibulanda_, a yam for planting, _filibula' ai ne i_, give me
the yam for planting; _ambe nenondana_, the eatable banana, _nenond'
ambe ya_, take the eatable banana.

V. Negation.

The negative of the verb is formed by the particle _me_ or _mi_
preceding. In the imperative it also precedes, but when emphasis
is laid upon the negation _mi_ follows. The difference between _me_
and _mi_ is not clear, but _me_ appears to be used only before verbs
beginning with a consonant, and _mi_ with other verbs.

A negative participle or infinitive does not appear. For the verbal
adjective the suffix _-ua(ne)_ is used.

Ex. _Na mi alele_, I do not understand; _nani matsine mi engatsi_,
I will not put on the (shell) bracelet; _mi unde_, do not fear;
_kolose mi_, do not play; _me ya_, do not take; _nenond' an' ua_,
what is not eaten.

VI. Interrogative.

The interrogative is only employed with reference to the verb itself,
not to the complements. It changes with the conjugation and varies
for present, past and future tense.

Present. Past 1. Past 2. Future 1. Future 2.

ememoma? emama? emena? emola? emoma?
umbubima? umbibia? umbubina? umbubila? umbubima?

The present in the first conjugation keeps the reduplication of the
stem, and changes the final _e_ to _-oma_. The second conjugation
simply adds _-ma_. The interrogative in the past simply changes the _e_
of the positive indicative to _a_ in both forms. The future is formed
in the same way from the subjunctive with a stress upon the final _a_
in the first conjugation.

Ex. _Nuga malele yera?_ have you taken the book? _uga nemb' emama?_ has
he killed the bird? _nu aiti gola?_ would you start to-morrow? _kupa
g'ilama?_ are the potatoes cooked?

Note (1). The future interrogative replies to the question, "Can
I..."? or "Should I..."?

(2). The interrogative of the near past (_cf.p._ 318, 3, _b_) is
formed by substituting _-una_ for _-ua_.

Ex. _nug' em' aliluna?_ Have you just come to see the village?

(3). The form of the second future as _umbibia_ is rarely heard,
except with the verb _alili_, see, from which comes _'Aria?_ see?

(4). The negative interrogative is formed like the simple negative
by _me_ or _mi_ preceding the verb.

The questions "What should I do?" "What should I say," How should
I begin it?" are translated by the expression _do(le)... maiti_,
from _do(le)?_ where?

Ex. _dotamaiti?_ how should I say? _dol' imaiti?_ what should I
do? _do yela maiti?_ how shall I call?

VII. Substantive Verb.

1. In the present tense there is no substantive verb. The predicate and
subject are combined as in the examples already given (cf. p. 312,
2). But when the present indicates a state in opposition to one
preceding it, _ga_ is used before the adjective, or if in opposition
to a future state, the verb _ando_ follows.

Ex. _Kuku ga ko_, the tobacco is bad; _balava ga ua_, the bread is
finished; _indi ga kouatu_, the knife is on the box; _ambe g'ifa_,
the banana is good; _ambe gos' ando_, the banana is (still) green
(not ripe).

The past is more difficult to express. It always requires an adverb
of time.

Ex. _Mele maleke ifa, audati ga ko_, the child formerly was good,
now he is bad.

3. For other tenses the verb is translated only by the auxiliaries
_-elele_ and _-angege_, for which cf. p. 322, 7.

VIII. Auxiliary Verbs.

1. The particle _ga_ may be used to make any expression whatever
attributive.

Ex. _Yu g'ua_, the water is finished (_i.e_., is not); _malele ga
kouatsi_, the book is in the box.

In such examples there is almost the sense of a past action, as if
it were "The water (has become) nothing," "the book has been put
(is already in) the box."

2. The verbs _ete, tede_, to say, or to do, and _elele_, to become,
are often used to form a noun stem into a verb. _Ete_ and _tede_
give the sense of _sounding_, _elele_ gives the sense of _using_
whatever the noun expresses.

Ex.

_fioli_, flute, _fioliete_, to play the flute.
_yuve_, water, _yuv' elele_, to bathe.
_ule_, thunder, _ulonete_, to thunder.
_ivule_, dye, _ivul' elele_, to paint one's self.
_andavale_, crying, _andav' ete_, to weep.
_bule_, earth, _bul' elele_, to cultivate.

3. The Tenses, etc., of these verbs are found as follows:

1 2

Pres. indic. ete or tede. elele.
Imperative. ta. elau, ele, e.
Past indic. te(ne). elame.
Subjunctive. to(me), to(le). elo(me), elo(le).
Past indic. ta(me). elene.
Infinitive. ta(me). ela(me).
Future indic. tatsi(me). elatsi(me).
Verbal adj. tond(ana). ?

4. The negative is formed regularly by _mi_.

Ex. _nani yu mi elatsi_, I shall not bathe; _degu mi e_, don't
get dirty.

5. The interrogative is regular.

Pres. or past, _tena?_ or _tama? elena?_ or _elama?_ Fut. _toma?_
and _tola? eloma?_ and _elola?_

6. The auxiliaries _ete, tede, elele_, should be distinguished from
the regular verb, _tede_ or _ta_, to make. The latter is a distinct
verb used when the result of the action is to produce a new thing.

Ex. _Sambari tatsi_, will make a wall; _ombo tatsi_, will make a sieve.

7. The verbs _elele_ and _angege_, both meaning "to become," may be
regarded as auxiliary verbs when they are used with adjectives, often
taking the place of a substantive verb. In this use _elele_ is never,
and _angege_ very rarely used in the past tense, the particle _ga_
taking their place.

Both are regular except in the imperative, which has respectively _ela_
and _elau_, _ange_ and _angau_.

Ex. _Ifan' eloma?_ will he become handsome? _ifa mi elatsi?_ he will
not be handsome? _indi g' ifa_, the knife is good; _yuv' uan angatsi_,
the water will cease (become nothing); _mel g' us' anga_, or _me g'
use_, the child is dead.

IX. Verbal Suffixes.

1. The suffix _-i_, added to a noun stem, forms generally a neuter
verb.

Ex. _abe_, work, _abi_, to work; _iso_(_ne_), smoke, _isoni_, to give
forth smoke; _kese_, a clean vegetable, _kesi_, to clean vegetables.

2. The suffix _-tede_, added to a noun stem, forms usually an active
verb.

Ex. _foye_, ashes, _foitede_, to cook in ashes; _gurube_, neck,
_gurutede_, to hang at the neck.

3. The suffix of manner defining the verb, is formed by adding the
adjective with the final syllable changed to _-i_.

Note (1). The suffix of manner is always added to the infinitive form
of the preceding verb.

(2). In the negative these compound verbs are considered a single word.

Ex. _te_, say, _ifane_, good, _tam' ifani_, to say well. _i_, do,
_koye_, bad, _i'koi_, to do badly. _ilele_, cook, _akane_, small,
_ilam'akani_, to half-cook.

4. The suffix _-matede_ appears to have a causative signification.

Ex. _ga koda_ (perhaps the past of _kodede_,) pierced, _komatede_,
to pierce (of a man); _ga siuda_, extinguished, _siumatede_,
to extinguish.

Note. This suffix appears in some examples as a separate verb in the
same sense.

Ex. _yuv' olola mata_, warm up the water; _indi koi matatsi_, the
knife will become bad.

The negative is not known.

5. The suffixes _-meme_ and _-ngo_ are added to neuter verbs. The
first has an active meaning, the second is passive.

Ex. _yu_, to be upright, _yuma_, to put upright, _yungo_, to be
upright. _yari_(?), _yarima_, to hang, _yaringo_, to be hanging.

Note (1). _Meme_ is regularly conjugated; _-ngo_ is imperfectly known.

(2). Negative forms are _me yumatsi_, will not place upright, _mi
yaringo_, not hanging.

6. The auxiliary verbs, except _ga_, may perhaps be included among
the suffixes (_see_ p. 322, VIII.).

X. Verbal Prefixes.

The prefix _ya-_ renders a neuter verb active or causative.

Ex. _yaigege_, to go down, _yeyaigege_, to carry down. _faikadede_,
to come back, _yefaika(dede)_, to give back. _yu_, to stand up,
_yeyu_, to set up.

XI. Irregular Verbs.

1. Many verbs are irregular in the imperative.

Ex.

_angege_, imperat. _ange_, go.
_atede_, imperat. _ade_, kindle, burn.
_ende_, imperat. _ende_, undo.
_etsie_, imperat. _etsie_, come up (ladder).
_faikadede_, imperat. _faika(dede)_, go back.
_idede_, imperat. _de_, gather, pluck.
_isie_, imperat. _isia_, follow;
_itede_, imperat. _ide_, sting, bite.
_itulili_, imperat. _itu(li)_, split.
_ivori_, imperat. _ivo(ri)_, wipe.
_kosisi_, imperat. _kose_, turn.
_telele_, imperat. _te(le)_, come.
_yelele_, imperat. _ye(le)_, call.

2. Other irregular verbs are the following. Only those forms known
are entered.

_Aitodede_, to run: imperat. _attode_, infin. _aitode(me)_.
_ando_ and _ande_, to be there: fut. _andetsi_, imperat. _ande_,
subj. _ando_, and _ande_.
_bole_, to leave: past, _bo(le)_, imperat. _bo(le)_.
_ete_, to tell: past, _ete_ and _elete_, imperat. _eta_ and _ta_.
_faduatsiete_, to ache (head): fut. _faduatatsi_.
_iei_, to throw: fut. _iatsi_, imperat. _ia_.
_indi_, to give;, imperat. _i(nde)_, subj. _i(ndi)_.
_ingale_, to carry (on shoulder): past, _ingala_ and _inge_,
imperat. _inga_, subj. _ingo_.
_itede_ and _ito_, to lay down: past, _ito_ and _ita_, near past,
_itova_, imperat. _ito_.
_songe_, to go: pres. and past, _se_, near past, _sova_,
imperat. _so(nge)_, subj. _so_, interrog. _sona?_
_sue_, to walk, go: pres. _sue_, fut. _susuetsi_.
_utsisi_, to draw: fut. _utsist_, imperat. _ude_.

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