T.F. Tout - The History of England

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THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III. TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD III.
(1216-1377)

BY
T.F. TOUT, M.A.
Professor of Mediaeval and Modern History
in the University of Manchester.

THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND IN TWELVE VOLUMES

Seventy-six years have passed since Lingard completed his HISTORY OF
ENGLAND, which ends with the Revolution of 1688. During that period
historical study has made a great advance. Year after year the mass of
materials for a new History of England has increased; new lights have
been thrown on events and characters, and old errors have been
corrected. Many notable works have been written on various periods of
our history; some of them at such length as to appeal almost
exclusively to professed historical students. It is believed that the
time has come when the advance which has been made in the knowledge of
English history as a whole should be laid before the public in a single
work of fairly adequate size. Such a book should be founded on
independent thought and research, but should at the same time be
written with a full knowledge of the works of the best modern
historians and with a desire to take advantage of their teaching
wherever it appears sound.

The vast number of authorities, printed and in manuscript, on which a
History of England should be based, if it is to represent the existing
state of knowledge, renders co-operation almost necessary and certainly
advisable. The History, of which this volume is an instalment, is an
attempt to set forth in a readable form the results at present attained
by research. It will consist of twelve volumes by twelve different
writers, each of them chosen as being specialty capable of dealing with
the period which he undertakes, and the editors, while leaving to each
author as free a hand as possible, hope to insure a general similarity
in method of treatment, so that the twelve volumes may in their
contents, as well as in their outward appearance, form one History.

As its title imports, this History will primarily deal with politics,
with the History of England and, after the date of the union with
Scotland, Great Britain, as a state or body politic; but as the life of
a nation is complex, and its condition at any given time cannot be
understood without taking into account the various forces acting upon
it, notices of religious matters and of intellectual, social, and
economic progress will also find place in these volumes. The footnotes
will, so far as is possible, be confined to references to authorities,
and references will not be appended to statements which appear to be
matters of common knowledge and do not call for support. Each volume
will have an Appendix giving some account of the chief authorities,
original and secondary, which the author has used. This account will be
compiled with a view of helping students rather than of making long
lists of books without any notes as to their contents or value. That
the History will have faults both of its own and such as will always in
some measure attend co-operative work, must be expected, but no pains
have been spared to make it, so far as may be, not wholly unworthy of
the greatness of its subject.

Each volume, while forming part of a complete History, will also in
itself be a separate and complete book, will be sold separately, and
will have its own index, and two or more maps.

Vol. I. to 1066. By Thomas Hodgkin, D.C.L., Litt.D., Fellow of
University College, London; Fellow of the British Academy.

Vol. II. 1066 to 1216. By George Burton Adams, M.A., Professor of
History in Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Vol. III. 1216 to 1377. By T.F. Tout, M.A., Professor of Medieval and
Modern History in the Victoria University of Manchester; formerly
Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford.

Vol. IV. 1377 to 1485. By C. Oman, M.A., Fellow of All Souls' College,
and Deputy Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford.

Vol. V. 1485 to 1547. By H.A.L. Fisher, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of New
College, Oxford.

Vol. VI. 1547 to 1603. By A.F. Pollard, M.A., Professor of
Constitutional History in University College, London.

Vol. VII. 1603 to 1660. By F.C. Montague, M.A., Professor of History in
University College, London; formerly Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford.

Vol. VIII. 1660 to 1702. By Richard Lodge, M.A., Professor of History
in the University of Edinburgh; formerly Fellow of Brasenose College,
Oxford.

Vol. IX. 1702 to 1760. By I.S. Leadam, M.A., formerly Fellow of
Brasenose College, Oxford.

Vol. X. 1760 to 1801. By the Rev. William Hunt, M.A., D. Litt, Trinity
College, Oxford.

Vol. XI. 1801 to 1837. By the Hon. George C. Brodrick, D.C.L., late
Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and J K. Fotheringham, M.A., Magdalen
College, Oxford, Lecturer in Classics at King's College, London.

Vol. XII. 1837 to 1901. By Sidney J Low, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford,
formerly Lecturer on History at King's College, London.

The Political History of England
IN TWELVE VOLUMES

EDITED BY WILLIAM HUNT, D. LITT., AND
REGINALD L. POOLE, M.A.

III.
THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III. TO THE
DEATH OF EDWARD III.
1216-1377

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE REGENCY OF WILLIAM MARSHAL.

19 Oct., 1216. Death of King John
Position of parties
The Church on the king's side
28 Oct. Coronation of Henry III
11 Nov. Great council at Bristol
12 Nov. The first charter of Henry III
1216-17. Progress of the war
1217. Rising of Wilkin of the Weald
Louis' visit to France
22 April. Return of Louis from France
Sieges of Dover, Farnham, and Mount Sorrel
20 May. The fair of Lincoln
23 Aug. The sea-fight off Sandwich
11 Sept. Treaty of Lambeth
6 Nov. Reissue of the great charter
Restoration of order by William Marshal
14 May, 1219. Death of William Marshal
His character and career

CHAPTER II.

THE RULE OF HUBERT DE BURGH.

1219. Pandulf the real successor of William Marshal
July, 1221. Langton procures Pandulf's recall
Ascendency of Hubert de Burgh
Jan.-Feb., 1221. The rebellion of Albemarle
July, 1222. The sedition of Constantine FitzAthulf
1221-24. Marriage alliances
1219-23. War in Wales
April, 1223. Henry III. declared by the pope competent to govern
June, 1224. Revolt of Falkes de Breaute
20 June-14 Aug. Siege of Bedford
Fall of Falkes
Papal and royal taxation
April, 1227. End of the minority
Relations with France during the minority
The Lusignans and the Poitevin barons
1224. Louis VIII.'s conquest of Poitou
1225. Expedition of Richard of Cornwall and William
Longsword to Gascony
Nov., 1226. Accession of Louis IX. in France
1229-30. Henry III.'s campaign in Brittany and Poitou
21-30 July, 1230. Siege of Mirambeau
1228. The Kerry campaign
2 May, 1230. Death of William of Braose
1231. Henry III.'s second Welsh campaign
Aug. Death of Archbishop Richard le Grand
Gregory IX. and Henry III.
1232. Riots of Robert Twenge
29 July. Fall of Hubert de Burgh
1231. Death of William Marshal the Younger
1232. Death of Randolph of Blundeville, Earl of Chester

CHAPTER III.

THE ALIEN INVASION.

1232-34. Rule of Peter des Roches
Aug., 1233. Revolt of Richard Marshal
23 Nov. Fight near Monmouth
1234. Richard Marshal in Ireland
1 April. Defeat and death of the Earl Marshal near Kildare
2 April. Edmund Rich consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury
9 April. Fall of Peter des Roches
Beginning of Henry III.'s personal government
Character of Henry III.
The alien invasions
14 Jan., 1236. Henry's marriage to Eleanor of Provence
The Savoyards in England
Revival of Poitevin influence
1239. Simon of Montfort Earl of Leicester
1237. The legation of Cardinal Otto
1239. Quarrel of Gregory IX. and Frederick II.
1235. Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln
16 Nov., 1240. Death of Edmund Rich in exile
Henry III. and Frederick II.
Attempted reconquest of Poitou
May-Sept., 1242. The campaign of Taillebourg
1243. Truce with France
The Lusignans in England
The baronial opposition
Grosseteste's opposition to Henry III., and Innocent IV.
1243. Relations with Scotland and Wales
1240. Death of Llewelyn ap Iorwerth
1246. Death of David ap Llewelyn

CHAPTER IV.

POLITICAL RETROGRESSION and NATIONAL PROGRESS.

1248-58. Characteristics of the history of these ten years
Decay of Henry's power in Gascony
1248-52. Simon de Montfort, seneschal of Gascony
Aug., 1253. Henry III. in Gascony
1254. Marriage and establishment of Edward the king's son
Edward's position in Gascony
Edward's position in Cheshire
1254. Llewelyn ap Griffith sole Prince of North Wales
Edward in the four cantreds and in West Wales
1257. Welsh campaign of Henry and Edward
Revival of the baronial opposition
1255. Candidature of Edmund, the king's son, for Sicily
1257. Richard of Cornwall elected and crowned King of the Romans
Leicester as leader of the opposition
Progress in the age of Henry III
The cosmopolitan and the national ideals
French influence
The coming of the friars
1221. Gilbert of Freynet and the first Dominicans in England
1224. Arrival of Agnellus of Pisa and the first Franciscans
in England
Other mendicant orders in England
The influence of the friars
The universities
Prominent English schoolmen
Paris and Oxford
The mendicants at Oxford
Roger Bacon and Duns Scotus
Academic influence in public life
Beginnings of colleges
Intellectual characteristics of thirteenth century
Literature in Latin and French
Literature in English
Art
Gothic architecture
The towns and trade

CHAPTER V.

THE BARONS' WAR.

2 April, 1258. Parliament at London
11 June. The Mad Parliament
The Provisions of Oxford
22 June. Flight of the Lusignans
Appointment of the Fifteen
Working of the new Constitution
4 Dec., 1259. Treaty of Paris
Its unpopularity in England and France
1259. Dissensions among the baronial leaders
1259. Provisions of Westminster
1261. Henry III.'s repudiation of the Provisions
1263. Reconstitution of parties
The changed policy of the marchers
Outbreak of civil war
The appeal to Louis IX
23 Jan., 1264. Mise of Amiens
Renewal of the struggle
4 April. Sack of Northampton
The campaign in Kent and Sussex
14 May. Battle of Lewes
Personal triumph of Montfort

CHAPTER VI.

THE RULE OF MONTFORT AND THE ROYALIST RESTORATION.

15 May. Mise of Lewes
15 Dec. Provisions of Worcester
Jan.-Mar., 1265. The Parliament of 1265
Split up of the baronial party
Quarrel of Leicester and Gloucester
28 May. Edward's escape
22 June. Treaty of Pipton
Small results of the alliance of Llewelyn and the barons
The campaign in the Severn valley
4 Aug. Battle of Evesham
The royalist restoration
1266. The revolt of the Disinherited
15 May. Battle of Chesterfield
31 Oct. The _Dictum de Kenilworth_
Michaelmas. The Ely rebellion
April, 1267. Gloucester's support of the Disinherited
July. End of the rebellion
25 Sept. Treaty of Shrewsbury
1267. Statute of Marlborough
1270-72. Edward's Crusade
16 Nov., 1272. Death of Henry III

CHAPTER VII.

THE EARLY FOREIGN POLICY AND LEGISLATION OF EDWARD I.

Character of Edward I.
1272-74. Rule of the regency
Edward's doings in Italy and France
Edward's relations with Philip III.
1273-74. Wars of Bearn and Limoges
Edward I. and Gregory X.
May-July, 1274. Council of Lyons
Relations of Edward I. and Rudolf of Hapsburg
23 May, 1279. Treaty of Amiens
1281. League of Macon
1282. Sicilian vespers
1285. Deaths of Philip III., Charles of Anjou, Peter of
Aragon, and Martin IV.
Bishop Burnell
1275. Statute of Westminster, the first
1278. Statute of Gloucester
Hundred Rolls and _placita de quo warranto_
Archbishops Kilwardby and Peckham
1279. Statute of Mortmain
1285. _Circumspecte agatis_
1285. Statute of Westminster, the second (De _Donis_)
1285. Statute of Winchester

CHAPTER VIII.

THE CONQUEST OF NORTH WALES.

Execution of the Treaty of Shrewsbury
Llewelyn's refusal of homage
1277. Edward's first Welsh campaign
1277. Treaty of Aberconway
Edward's attempts to introduce English law into the
ceded districts
1282. The Welsh revolt
1282. Edward's second Welsh campaign
Llewelyn's escape to the Upper Wye
11 Dec. Battle of Orewyn Bridge
1283. Parliaments and financial expedients
Subjection of Gwynedd completed
3 Oct. Parliament of Shrewsbury and execution of David
The Edwardian castles
Mid-Lent, 1284. Statute of Wales
Effect of the conquest upon the march
Peckham and the ecclesiastical settlement of _Wales_
1287. Revolt of Rhys ap Meredith

CHAPTER IX.

THE SICILIAN AND THE SCOTTISH ARBITRATIONS.

Edward I. at the height of his fame
April, 1286-Aug 1289, Edward's long visit to France
1289. The Sicilian arbitration
1287. Treaty of Oloron
1288. Treaty of Canfranc
1291. Treaty of Tarascon
Maladministration during Edward's absence
Judicial and official scandals
1289. Special commission for the trial of offenders
1290. Statute of Westminster, the third (_Quia emptores_)
The feud between Gloucester and Hereford
1291. The courts at Ystradvellte and Abergavenny
Humiliation of the marcher earls
1290. Expulsion of the Jews
The rise of the Italian bankers
1272-86. Early relations of Edward to Scotland
1286. Death of Alexander III. of Scotland
1286-89. Regency in the name of the Maid of Norway
1289. Treaty of Salisbury
1290. Treaty of Brigham
Death of the Maid of Norway
The claimants to the Scottish throne
May, 1291. Parliament of Norham. Edward recognised as overlord
of Scotland
1291-92. The great suit for Scotland
17 Nov., 1292. John Balliol declared King of Scots
Edward's conduct in relation to Scotland
1290. Death of Eleanor of Castile
Transition to the later years of the reign
Edward's later ministers

CHAPTER X.

THE FRENCH AND SCOTTISH WARS AND THE CONFIRMATION OF
THE CHARTERS.

Commercial rivalry of English and French seamen
15 May, 1293. Battle off Saint-Mahe
1294. Edmund of Lancaster's failure to procure a settlement
with Philip IV.
The French occupation of Gascony
June, 1294. War with France
Preparations for a French campaign
1294. Revolts of Madog, Maelgwn, and Morgan
Edward's danger at Aberconway
22 Jan., 1293. Battle of Maes Madog
July. Welsh revolts suppressed
1295. Failure of the Gascon campaign
Failure of attempted coalition against France
Organisation of the English navy
Treason of Sir Thomas Turberville
The naval attack on England
Rupture between Edward and the Scots
5 July. Alliance between the French and Scots
Nov. The "Model Parliament"
1296. Gascon expedition and death of Edmund of Lancaster
Edward's invasion of Scotland
27 April. Battle of Dunbar
10 July. Submission of John Balliol
Conquest and administration of Scotland
The Ragman Roll
Sept., 1294. Consecration of Archbishop Winchelsea
29 Feb., 1296. Boniface VIII. issues _Clericis laicos_.
Conflict of Edward and Winchelsea
24 Feb., 1297. Parliament at Salisbury
Conflict of Edward with the earls
July. Break up of the clerical opposition
Increasing moderation of baronial opposition
24 Aug. Edward's departure for Flanders
May. Revolt of the Scots under William Wallace.
11 Sept. Battle of Stirling Bridge.
12 Oct. Confirmation of the charters with new clauses.

CHAPTER XI.

THE SCOTTISH FAILURE.

1297. Edward's unsuccessful campaign in Flanders
31 Jan., 1298. Truce of Tournai, and end of the French war
July. Edward's invasion of Scotland
22 July. Battle of Falkirk
Slowness of Edward's progress towards the conquest
of Scotland
19 June, 1299. Treaty of Montreuil
9 Sept. Marriage of Edward and Margaret of France
Mar., 1300. _Articuli super cartas_
July-Aug. Carlaverock campaign
20 Jan.-14 Feb., 1301. Parliament of Lincoln
The barons' letter to the pope
Edward of Carnarvon, Prince of Wales
1302. Philip IV.'s troubles with the Flemings and Boniface VIII
20 May, 1303. Peace of Paris between Edward and Philip
Increasing strength of Edward's position
The decay of the earldoms
Additions to the royal demesne
1303. Conquest of Scotland seriously undertaken
24 July, 1304. Capture of Stirling
Aug., 1305. Execution of Wallace and completion of the conquest
The settlement of the government of Scotland
1305. Disgrace of Winchelsea and Bek
Edward I. and Clement V.
1307. Statute of Carlisle
1305. Ordinance of Trailbaston
10 Jan., 1306. Murder of Comyn
Rising of Robert Bruce
25 Mar. Bruce crowned King of Scots
Preparations for a fresh conquest of Scotland
7 July, 1307. Death of Edward I.

CHAPTER XII.

GAVESTON, THE ORDAINERS, AND BANNOCKBURN.

Character of Edward II.
1307. Peter Gaveston Earl of Cornwall
25 Jan., 1308. Marriage of Edward with Isabella of France
25 Feb. Coronation of Edward II.
Power and unpopularity of Gaveston
8 May. Gaveston exiled
July 1309. Return of Gaveston condoned by Parliament at Stamford
1310. Renewal of the opposition of the barons to Gaveston
16 Mar. Appointment of the lords ordainers
Sept. Abortive campaign against the Scots
Character and policy of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster
1311. The ordinances
Nov., 1311, Jan., 1312. Gaveston's second exile and return
The earls at war against Edward and Gaveston
Gaveston's surrender at Scarborough
19 June, 1312. Murder of Gaveston
Consequent break up of the baronial party
Oct., 1313. Edward and Lancaster reconciled
May. Death of Archbishop Winchelsea
1312. Fall of the Templars
Walter Reynolds Archbishop of Canterbury
Complaints of papal abuses
Progress of Bruce's power in Scotland
1314. The siege of Stirling
An army collected for its relief
24 June, Battle of Bannockburn
The results of the battle

CHAPTER XIII.

LANCASTER, PEMBROKE, AND THE DESPENSERS.

Failure of the rule of Thomas of Lancaster
1315. Revolts of Llewelyn Bren
1315. Rising of Adam Banaster.
1316. The Bristol disturbances.
1315. Edward Bruce's attack on the English in Ireland.
1317. Roger Mortimer in Ireland.
1318. Death of Edward Bruce at Dundalk.
Lancaster's failure and the break up of his party.
Pembroke and the middle party.
9 Aug. Treaty of Leek and the supremacy of the middle party.
1314-18. Progress of Robert Bruce.
1319. Renewed attack on Scotland.
Battle of Myton.
Rise of the Despensers.
1317. The partition of the Gloucester inheritance.
1320. War between the husbands of the Gloucester heiresses
in South Wales.
June, 1321. Conferences at Pontefract and Sherburn.
July. The exile of the Despensers.
Break up of the opposition after their victory.
23-31 Oct., 1321. The siege of Leeds Castle.
Jan.-Feb., 1322. Edward's successful campaign in the march.
11 Feb. Recall of the Despensers.
The king's march against the northern barons.
16 Mar. Battle of Boroughbridge.
22 Mar. Execution of Lancaster.
2 May. Parliament at York and repeal of the ordinances.
The triumph of the Despensers.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE FALL OF EDWARD II. AND THE RULE OF ISABELLA AND MORTIMER.

Aug. Renewed attack on the Scots.
Oct. Edward II.'s narrow escape at Byland.
Mar., 1323. Treason and execution of Andrew Harclay.
Incapacity of the Despensers as administrators.
Their quarrels with the old nobles.
1324. Their breach with Queen Isabella.
Their chief helpers: Walter Stapledon and Ralph Baldock.
Reaction against the Despensers.
1303-14. Relations of England and France.
1314-22. Edward's dealings with Louis X. and Philip V.
1322. Accession of Charles IV.
1324. Affair of Saint-Sardos.
Renewal of war. Sequestration of Gascony. Charles
of Valois' conquest of the Agenais and La Reole.
Isabella's mission to Paris.
Edward of Aquitaine's homage to Charles IV.
1325. Treachery of Charles IV. and second sequestration of
Gascony.
1326. Relations of Mortimer and Isabella
The Hainault marriage
23 Sept. Landing of Isabella and Mortimer
Riots in London: murder of Stapledon
26 Oct. Execution of the elder Despenser
16 Nov. Capture of Edward and the younger Despenser
Triumph of the revolution
7 Jan., 1327. Parliament's recognition of Edward of Aquitaine as king
20 Jan. Edward II.'s resignation of the crown
24 Jan. Proclamation of Edward III.
22 Sept., 1328. Murder of Edward II.
1327-30. Rule of Isabella and Mortimer
1327. Abortive Scottish campaign
April, 1328. Treaty of Northampton; "the shameful peace"
Character and ambition of Mortimer
Oct. Mortimer Earl of the March of Wales
Henry of Lancaster's opposition to him
Mar., 1330. Execution of the Earl of Kent
Oct. Parliament at Nottingham
19 Oct. Arrest of Mortimer
29 Nov. His execution
1330-58. Later life of Isabella

CHAPTER XV.

THE PRELIMINARIES OF THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR.

Character and policy of Edward III.
1330-40. The rule of the Stratfords
1337. The new earldoms
Scotland during the minority of David Bruce
Edward Balliol and the Disinherited
6 Aug., 1332. The Disinherited in Scotland
Battle of Dupplin Moor
6 Aug.-16 Dec. Edward Balliol's brief reign and expulsion
Treaty of Roxburgh
1333. Attempt to procure his restoration
Siege of Berwick
19 July. Battle of Halidon Hill
Edward Balliol restored
12 June, 1334. Treaty of Newcastle, ceding to Edward south-eastern
Scotland
Failure of Edward Balliol
1334-36. Edward III.'s Scottish campaigns
1341. Return of David Bruce from France
1327-37. Relations of England and France
31 Mar., 1327. Treaty of Paris
Edward's lands in Gascony after the treaty of Paris
1328. Accession of Philip of Valois in France
Protests of the English regency
1328. The legal and political aspects of the succession
question
Edward III.'s claim to France
6 June, 1329. Edward's homage to Philip VI.
8 May, 1330. Convention of the Wood of Vincennes
9 Mar., 1331. Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
April. Interview of Pont-Sainte-Maxence
Crusading projects of John XXII.
1336. Abandonment of the crusade by Benedict XII
Strained relations between England and France
1337. Mission of the Cardinals Peter and Bertrand
Edward and Robert of Artois
The _Vow_ of the Heron
Preparations for war
Breach with Flanders and stoppage of export of wool
Alliance with William I. and II. of Hainault
Edward's other Netherlandish allies
1337. Breach between France and England
Nov. Sir Walter Manny at Cadzand
Fruitless negotiations and further hostilities
July, 1338. Edward III.'s departure for Flanders
5 Sept. Interview of Edward and the Emperor Louis of
Bavaria at Coblenz
The Anglo-imperial alliance
Further fruitless negotiations
Renewal of Edward's claim to the French crown
The responsibility for the war